{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385819628","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3304901","title":"Exploiting the DD-Cell as an Ultra-Compact Entropy Source for an FPGA-Based Re-Configurable PUF-TRNG Architecture","display_name":"Exploiting the DD-Cell as an Ultra-Compact Entropy Source for an FPGA-Based Re-Configurable PUF-TRNG Architecture","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385819628","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3304901"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3304901","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3304901","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10216294.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10216294.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016342533","display_name":"Riccardo Della Sala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9990-4875"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I861853513","display_name":"Sapienza University of Rome","ror":"https://ror.org/02be6w209","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Riccardo Della Sala","raw_affiliation_strings":["DIET Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9990-4875","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DIET Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010336494","display_name":"Giuseppe Scotti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5650-8212"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I861853513","display_name":"Sapienza University of Rome","ror":"https://ror.org/02be6w209","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giuseppe Scotti","raw_affiliation_strings":["DIET Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5650-8212","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DIET Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":8.482,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98754851,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"86178","last_page":"86195"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9803000092506409,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9794999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.8537267446517944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7534368634223938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.7064454555511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-unclonable-function","display_name":"Physical unclonable function","score":0.6707270741462708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.5778084993362427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-number-generation","display_name":"Random number generation","score":0.5456585884094238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.49781060218811035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.4434620141983032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-primitive","display_name":"Cryptographic primitive","score":0.4366842210292816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-generation","display_name":"Key generation","score":0.4322684109210968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-protocol","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","score":0.3585631847381592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.1414290964603424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.13697198033332825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.8537267446517944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7534368634223938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.7064454555511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8643368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4046262","display_name":"Physical unclonable function","level":3,"score":0.6707270741462708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5778084993362427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201866948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228206","display_name":"Random number generation","level":2,"score":0.5456585884094238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.49781060218811035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.4434620141983032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15927051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q246593","display_name":"Cryptographic primitive","level":4,"score":0.4366842210292816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163173736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3308558","display_name":"Key generation","level":3,"score":0.4322684109210968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.3585631847381592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.1414290964603424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.13697198033332825}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3304901","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3304901","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10216294.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.uniroma1.it:11573/1721939","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11573/1721939","pdf_url":"https://iris.uniroma1.it/bitstream/11573/1721939/2/Sala_Exploiting_2023.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196107","display_name":"IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:da2557a597ac450e99d3d44154e9854b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/da2557a597ac450e99d3d44154e9854b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 86178-86195 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3304901","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3304901","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10216294.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.4699999988079071,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385819628.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385819628.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":85,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W170084955","https://openalex.org/W609951012","https://openalex.org/W629224655","https://openalex.org/W1517403092","https://openalex.org/W1544967376","https://openalex.org/W1568780897","https://openalex.org/W1580991036","https://openalex.org/W1717406790","https://openalex.org/W1899618153","https://openalex.org/W1976823255","https://openalex.org/W1980497723","https://openalex.org/W1983183408","https://openalex.org/W1988961237","https://openalex.org/W1990512559","https://openalex.org/W1995871244","https://openalex.org/W2001067488","https://openalex.org/W2039379275","https://openalex.org/W2065400337","https://openalex.org/W2088455835","https://openalex.org/W2092798673","https://openalex.org/W2103827627","https://openalex.org/W2104401100","https://openalex.org/W2110062156","https://openalex.org/W2116374153","https://openalex.org/W2123841788","https://openalex.org/W2128457641","https://openalex.org/W2130351941","https://openalex.org/W2154558323","https://openalex.org/W2161890359","https://openalex.org/W2166261478","https://openalex.org/W2181989096","https://openalex.org/W2211023928","https://openalex.org/W2277209461","https://openalex.org/W2518327368","https://openalex.org/W2524910869","https://openalex.org/W2580334840","https://openalex.org/W2586755725","https://openalex.org/W2594214473","https://openalex.org/W2598729596","https://openalex.org/W2609040851","https://openalex.org/W2783355591","https://openalex.org/W2784781042","https://openalex.org/W2795293664","https://openalex.org/W2807803026","https://openalex.org/W2896464577","https://openalex.org/W2898076696","https://openalex.org/W2908207594","https://openalex.org/W2941539330","https://openalex.org/W2947486590","https://openalex.org/W2952746059","https://openalex.org/W2954169045","https://openalex.org/W2955060354","https://openalex.org/W2963951569","https://openalex.org/W2971887892","https://openalex.org/W2973404880","https://openalex.org/W2999816604","https://openalex.org/W3012270870","https://openalex.org/W3023702958","https://openalex.org/W3033735051","https://openalex.org/W3035865743","https://openalex.org/W3080625705","https://openalex.org/W3091854260","https://openalex.org/W3107348029","https://openalex.org/W3133167475","https://openalex.org/W3140517496","https://openalex.org/W3186471288","https://openalex.org/W3196375111","https://openalex.org/W3196521403","https://openalex.org/W3201551371","https://openalex.org/W3207886650","https://openalex.org/W4210923567","https://openalex.org/W4214898075","https://openalex.org/W4220658028","https://openalex.org/W4224254383","https://openalex.org/W4226249155","https://openalex.org/W4232122552","https://openalex.org/W4285047343","https://openalex.org/W4293370535","https://openalex.org/W4295956913","https://openalex.org/W4307942653","https://openalex.org/W4312230597","https://openalex.org/W4312377982","https://openalex.org/W4319082140","https://openalex.org/W4362558000","https://openalex.org/W6676995458"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3209932692","https://openalex.org/W2904818008","https://openalex.org/W2976888033","https://openalex.org/W4364295676","https://openalex.org/W2904314268","https://openalex.org/W57958781","https://openalex.org/W1554274402","https://openalex.org/W2361781577","https://openalex.org/W2150843699","https://openalex.org/W3135413876"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Physical":[0],"Unclonable":[1],"Functions":[2],"(PUFs)":[3],"and":[4,28,46,63,87,104,134,154,188,207,219,253,261],"True":[5],"Random":[6],"Number":[7],"Generators":[8],"(TRNGs)":[9],"are":[10],"both":[11,60],"needed":[12],"in":[13,23,39,100,223,238],"the":[14,43,53,56,67,101,114,137,141,149,152,155,159,163,166,170,173,184,204,216,226,229,234,239,244,248,257,262],"Privacy":[15],"Preserving":[16],"Mutual":[17],"Autentication":[18],"(PPMA)":[19],"protocol,":[20],"often":[21],"used":[22],"IoT":[24,37],"Applications":[25],"to":[26,33,78,127],"generate":[27],"secure":[29],"cryptographic":[30,116],"keys.":[31],"Since":[32],"guarantee":[34],"security":[35,75],"of":[36,58,106,113,148,158,165,203,215,228],"nodes":[38],"an":[40,130,189],"untrusted":[41],"setting,":[42],"PPMA":[44],"key":[45],"encrypted":[47],"data":[48],"must":[49],"be":[50],"located":[51],"on":[52,66,90,136,169,172,183],"same":[54,68],"chip,":[55],"concept":[57],"integrating":[59],"a":[61,64,73,81,121],"PUF":[62,86,153,206,252,260],"TRNG":[65,88,156,208,254],"device":[69],"has":[70,180,197,241],"emerged":[71],"as":[72,129,140],"new":[74],"paradigm.":[76],"Up":[77],"now":[79],"only":[80],"few":[82],"designs":[83,236],"for":[84,111],"achieving":[85],"simultaneously":[89],"field":[91],"programmable":[92],"gate":[93],"array":[94],"(FPGA)":[95],"platforms":[96],"have":[97,210],"been":[98,181,198,211],"presented":[99],"technical":[102],"literature,":[103],"most":[105,258],"them":[107],"show":[108],"sub-optimal":[109],"performance":[110],"one":[112],"two":[115],"primitives.":[117],"This":[118],"paper":[119],"presents":[120],"re-configurable":[122],"design":[123],"that":[124,243],"is":[125,175],"able":[126],"operate":[128],"FPGA-compatible":[131],"PUF+TRNG":[132,235],"primitive,":[133],"relies":[135],"Delay-Difference-Cell":[138],"(DD-Cell)":[139],"basic":[142],"entropy":[143],"source.":[144],"A":[145],"theoretical":[146],"model":[147],"DD-Cell":[150,160],"explaining":[151],"behaviour":[157],"which":[161],"highlights":[162],"effects":[164],"routing":[167],"connections":[168],"FPGA":[171,186,195],"performances":[174,202,222],"presented.":[176],"The":[177,231],"proposed":[178,205,245],"solution":[179,246],"implemented":[182],"Artix-7":[185],"platform,":[187],"extensive":[190],"measurement":[191],"campaign":[192],"involving":[193],"32":[194],"boards":[196],"carried":[199],"out.":[200],"Measured":[201],"primitives":[209],"compared":[212],"against":[213,233],"state":[214,227],"art":[217],"PUFs":[218],"TRNGs,":[220],"showing":[221],"line":[224],"with":[225],"art.":[230],"comparison":[232],"available":[237],"literature":[240],"shown":[242],"exhibits":[247],"best":[249],"trade-off":[250],"among":[251],"performance,":[255],"providing":[256],"compact":[259],"highest":[263],"throughput":[264],"TRNG.":[265]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2023-08-15T00:00:00"}
