{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385627129","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3303131","title":"EfficientNetB3-Adaptive Augmented Deep Learning (AADL) for Multi-Class Plant Disease Classification","display_name":"EfficientNetB3-Adaptive Augmented Deep Learning (AADL) for Multi-Class Plant Disease Classification","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385627129","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3303131"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3303131","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3303131","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10210538.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10210538.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114072675","display_name":"Faiqa Adnan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87482320","display_name":"University of Management and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0095xcq10","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Faiqa Adnan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045260525","display_name":"Mazhar Javed Awan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3535-8005"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87482320","display_name":"University of Management and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0095xcq10","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mazhar Javed Awan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3535-8005","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047916088","display_name":"Amena Mahmoud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5415-2972"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130309236","display_name":"Kafrelsheikh University","ror":"https://ror.org/04a97mm30","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130309236"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amena Mahmoud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Faculty of Computers and Information, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt","Computer Science Department, Faculty of Computers and Information, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5415-2972","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Faculty of Computers and Information, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130309236"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Faculty of Computers and Information, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130309236"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043334531","display_name":"Haitham Nobanee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-5600"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I117222138","display_name":"Abu Dhabi University","ror":"https://ror.org/01r3kjq03","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117222138"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136001","display_name":"Oxford Centre for Mission Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/040059s22","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136001"]}],"countries":["AE","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haitham Nobanee","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Business, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies, University of Oxford, Marston Rd, Headington, Oxford, UK","Faculty of Humanities Social Sciences, University of Liverpool, 12 Abercromby Square, Liverpool, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-5600","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Business, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117222138"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies, University of Oxford, Marston Rd, Headington, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136001","https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Humanities Social Sciences, University of Liverpool, 12 Abercromby Square, Liverpool, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020359341","display_name":"Awais Yasin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9660-5041"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143942","display_name":"National University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05e21fw44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143942"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Awais Yasin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, National University of Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, National University of Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143942"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086100690","display_name":"Azlan Mohd Zain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2004-3289"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Azlan Mohd Zain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computing, University Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2004-3289","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computing, University Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5114072675"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":18.6994,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":50,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99270768,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"85426","last_page":"85440"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12660","display_name":"Plant Disease Management Techniques","score":0.9394999742507935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9320999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8319147825241089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7048845291137695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6861679553985596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6550487875938416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.6175511479377747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.541225790977478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dropout","display_name":"Dropout (neural networks)","score":0.5034262537956238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plant-disease","display_name":"Plant disease","score":0.4875006377696991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.48353147506713867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.44863080978393555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4149032533168793}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8319147825241089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7048845291137695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6861679553985596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6550487875938416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.6175511479377747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.541225790977478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25339462","display_name":"Dropout (neural networks)","level":2,"score":0.5034262537956238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019235130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188956","display_name":"Plant disease","level":2,"score":0.4875006377696991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.48353147506713867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.44863080978393555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4149032533168793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150903083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108","display_name":"Biotechnology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3303131","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3303131","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10210538.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:34dd254df62d4448a7ad5a4b9d65fade","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/34dd254df62d4448a7ad5a4b9d65fade","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 85426-85440 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3303131","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3303131","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10210538.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":0.7699999809265137,"display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385627129.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385627129.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2470368200","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2800402675","https://openalex.org/W2891399311","https://openalex.org/W2891667148","https://openalex.org/W2910121883","https://openalex.org/W2912290085","https://openalex.org/W2915519176","https://openalex.org/W2955425717","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2963820222","https://openalex.org/W2964350391","https://openalex.org/W2980846216","https://openalex.org/W2986507176","https://openalex.org/W2998548240","https://openalex.org/W3002842489","https://openalex.org/W3004442222","https://openalex.org/W3009091629","https://openalex.org/W3015562698","https://openalex.org/W3016522735","https://openalex.org/W3035503061","https://openalex.org/W3039924663","https://openalex.org/W3042462276","https://openalex.org/W3045714998","https://openalex.org/W3045754018","https://openalex.org/W3080761702","https://openalex.org/W3086279932","https://openalex.org/W3089559094","https://openalex.org/W3091852228","https://openalex.org/W3094875233","https://openalex.org/W3095722810","https://openalex.org/W3098557217","https://openalex.org/W3100036209","https://openalex.org/W3100321043","https://openalex.org/W3109852393","https://openalex.org/W3113103968","https://openalex.org/W3120091839","https://openalex.org/W3125974156","https://openalex.org/W3128061848","https://openalex.org/W3130071898","https://openalex.org/W3132455321","https://openalex.org/W3133494080","https://openalex.org/W3136389514","https://openalex.org/W3155966371","https://openalex.org/W3167628032","https://openalex.org/W3168068639","https://openalex.org/W3168707678","https://openalex.org/W3173028333","https://openalex.org/W3174385379","https://openalex.org/W3182952703","https://openalex.org/W3185377372","https://openalex.org/W3188916843","https://openalex.org/W3196840230","https://openalex.org/W3205777752","https://openalex.org/W4207007441","https://openalex.org/W4220873574","https://openalex.org/W4293087715","https://openalex.org/W4295122555","https://openalex.org/W4319439437","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6762718338","https://openalex.org/W6772750526","https://openalex.org/W6780839128","https://openalex.org/W6788968252","https://openalex.org/W6796402917"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W3183901164","https://openalex.org/W3193565141","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W4206357785","https://openalex.org/W3192840557","https://openalex.org/W4281381188","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3167935049"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Plant":[0],"diseases":[1,27,79],"can":[2],"significantly":[3],"impact":[4],"agricultural":[5,166],"productivity":[6],"if":[7],"not":[8],"promptly":[9],"identified":[10],"and":[11,21,38,80,98,122,130,140,174,182],"treated.":[12],"Traditional":[13],"plant":[14,50,82],"disease":[15,51,109,163],"classification":[16,52,68],"methods":[17],"are":[18],"often":[19],"challenging":[20,29],"time-consuming,":[22],"making":[23],"the":[24,57,87,137,153,156,180,185],"identification":[25],"of":[26,59,77,89,148,155,184],"a":[28,145],"task.":[30],"This":[31,84,150],"paper":[32],"aims":[33],"to":[34],"bridge":[35],"research":[36,55],"gaps":[37],"address":[39],"challenges":[40],"in":[41,66,159,165],"existing":[42],"methodologies":[43],"by":[44],"proposing":[45],"an":[46,71],"efficient,":[47],"effective":[48],"multi-class":[49],"approach.":[53],"The":[54,133,168],"explores":[56],"application":[58],"pre-trained":[60,90],"deep":[61,91,104,176],"convolutional":[62],"neural":[63],"networks":[64],"(CNNs)":[65],"this":[67],"task,":[69],"utilizing":[70],"open":[72],"dataset":[73],"comprising":[74],"52":[75],"categories":[76],"various":[78],"healthy":[81],"leaves.":[83],"study":[85],"evaluated":[86],"performance":[88,183],"CNN":[92],"models,":[93],"including":[94],"Xception,":[95],"InceptionResNetV2,":[96],"InceptionV3,":[97],"ResNet50,":[99],"paired":[100],"with":[101],"EfficientNetB3-adaptive":[102],"augmented":[103,175],"learning":[105,173,177],"(AADL)":[106],"for":[107],"precise":[108],"identification.":[110],"Performance":[111],"assessment":[112],"was":[113],"conducted":[114],"using":[115],"parameters":[116],"such":[117],"as":[118],"batch":[119],"size,":[120],"dropout,":[121],"epoch":[123],"counts,":[124],"determining":[125],"their":[126],"accuracy,":[127],"precision,":[128],"recall,":[129],"F1":[131],"score.":[132],"EfficientNetB3-AADL":[134,157],"model":[135,158],"outperformed":[136],"other":[138],"models":[139],"conventional":[141],"feature-based":[142],"methods,":[143],"achieving":[144],"remarkable":[146],"accuracy":[147,181],"98.71%.":[149],"investigation":[151],"highlights":[152],"potential":[154],"offering":[160],"accurate,":[161],"real-time":[162],"diagnostics":[164],"systems.":[167],"findings":[169],"suggest":[170],"that":[171],"transfer":[172],"techniques":[178],"enhance":[179],"model.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T09:01:20.584952","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}