{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385569631","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3302261","title":"The Impact of Modality, Technology Suspicion, and NDRT Engagement on the Effectiveness of AV Explanations","display_name":"The Impact of Modality, Technology Suspicion, and NDRT Engagement on the Effectiveness of AV Explanations","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385569631","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3302261"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3302261","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3302261","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10209159.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10209159.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047087184","display_name":"Qiaoning Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2905-9853"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qiaoning Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042594650","display_name":"Connor Esterwood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2685-6435"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Connor Esterwood","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101834256","display_name":"Anuj K. Pradhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7612-4208"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anuj K. Pradhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025730901","display_name":"Dawn M. Tilbury","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2510-0556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dawn Tilbury","raw_affiliation_strings":["Robotics Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robotics Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067895217","display_name":"X. Jessie Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6071-0387"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"X. Jessie Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084955075","display_name":"Lionel Robert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1410-2601"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lionel P. Robert","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047087184"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.0305,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86504498,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"81981","last_page":"81994"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11542","display_name":"Behavioral Health and Interventions","score":0.9523000121116638,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9363999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modality","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","score":0.7556216716766357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anxiety","display_name":"Anxiety","score":0.6943637728691101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.6241333484649658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action","display_name":"Action (physics)","score":0.5954093933105469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.557263970375061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.522107720375061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fidelity","display_name":"Fidelity","score":0.517583966255188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.5014448165893555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.34034663438796997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.20777630805969238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07983660697937012}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.7556216716766357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558461103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430","display_name":"Anxiety","level":2,"score":0.6943637728691101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.6241333484649658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5954093933105469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.557263970375061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.522107720375061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776459999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2119376","display_name":"Fidelity","level":2,"score":0.517583966255188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.5014448165893555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.34034663438796997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.20777630805969238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07983660697937012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3302261","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3302261","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10209159.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:deepblue.lib.umich.edu:2027.42/177446","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/177446/1/Zhang%20et%20al.%202023%20%28Preprint%29.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400393","display_name":"Deep Blue (University of Michigan)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","host_organization_name":"University of Michigan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.umass.edu:mie_faculty_pubs-1651","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarworks.umass.edu/mie_faculty_pubs/649","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402057","display_name":"Scholarworks (University of Massachusetts Amherst)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","host_organization_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Faculty Publication Series","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ec445b1d826148bfa2295ad67cbe1e99","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ec445b1d826148bfa2295ad67cbe1e99","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 81981-81994 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.umass.edu:20.500.14394/35744","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14394/35744","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402240","display_name":"ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst (University of Massachusetts Amherst)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","host_organization_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"published","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3302261","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3302261","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10209159.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309652","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385569631.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385569631.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":86,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W94847947","https://openalex.org/W181517961","https://openalex.org/W251790699","https://openalex.org/W407105917","https://openalex.org/W849678197","https://openalex.org/W1490945078","https://openalex.org/W1592478671","https://openalex.org/W1682025172","https://openalex.org/W1971695392","https://openalex.org/W1973293254","https://openalex.org/W1992259772","https://openalex.org/W1994192823","https://openalex.org/W1996728935","https://openalex.org/W2020785866","https://openalex.org/W2024529169","https://openalex.org/W2027019917","https://openalex.org/W2039603317","https://openalex.org/W2040084091","https://openalex.org/W2045128528","https://openalex.org/W2047587200","https://openalex.org/W2051914653","https://openalex.org/W2068876177","https://openalex.org/W2076355897","https://openalex.org/W2078278639","https://openalex.org/W2079906897","https://openalex.org/W2087892977","https://openalex.org/W2091455316","https://openalex.org/W2096042773","https://openalex.org/W2096177659","https://openalex.org/W2107544991","https://openalex.org/W2115667691","https://openalex.org/W2116324066","https://openalex.org/W2117074369","https://openalex.org/W2119348927","https://openalex.org/W2124258246","https://openalex.org/W2133098507","https://openalex.org/W2134594810","https://openalex.org/W2135896612","https://openalex.org/W2143798991","https://openalex.org/W2146425312","https://openalex.org/W2152572547","https://openalex.org/W2152905082","https://openalex.org/W2164809575","https://openalex.org/W2168869093","https://openalex.org/W2170018669","https://openalex.org/W2207884471","https://openalex.org/W2211083916","https://openalex.org/W2252793872","https://openalex.org/W2280386867","https://openalex.org/W2325467219","https://openalex.org/W2340043522","https://openalex.org/W2405998801","https://openalex.org/W2408157716","https://openalex.org/W2479888872","https://openalex.org/W2561023719","https://openalex.org/W2564642917","https://openalex.org/W2599889854","https://openalex.org/W2613626094","https://openalex.org/W2739728427","https://openalex.org/W2740994655","https://openalex.org/W2772350555","https://openalex.org/W2780414687","https://openalex.org/W2795538447","https://openalex.org/W2795800960","https://openalex.org/W2810305473","https://openalex.org/W2891890513","https://openalex.org/W2902178419","https://openalex.org/W2942678267","https://openalex.org/W2946112597","https://openalex.org/W3041953040","https://openalex.org/W3082156253","https://openalex.org/W3127997563","https://openalex.org/W3199595333","https://openalex.org/W3214915408","https://openalex.org/W4200358009","https://openalex.org/W4213388807","https://openalex.org/W4225555528","https://openalex.org/W4288421664","https://openalex.org/W4302084027","https://openalex.org/W6603845922","https://openalex.org/W6623642215","https://openalex.org/W6637528016","https://openalex.org/W6701662252","https://openalex.org/W6713371532","https://openalex.org/W6721593534","https://openalex.org/W6742348924"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2381850946","https://openalex.org/W4380449851","https://openalex.org/W3125091513","https://openalex.org/W2385859805","https://openalex.org/W4318832338","https://openalex.org/W2530972254","https://openalex.org/W4248383205","https://openalex.org/W1919390113","https://openalex.org/W4234745530","https://openalex.org/W2912415823"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Explanations":[0],"\u2014":[1,7],"reasons":[2],"or":[3],"justifications":[4],"for":[5,122],"action":[6],"are":[8,113,134],"being":[9],"used":[10],"to":[11,53,81,183],"promote":[12,184],"the":[13,26,37,41,47,127,155,168,173,177],"acceptance":[14,39],"of":[15,28,43,49,61,129,147,157,179],"automated":[16],"vehicles":[17],"(AVs).":[18],"Yet,":[19],"it":[20],"is":[21,51],"unclear":[22],"whether":[23],"and":[24,101,119,149,162,172],"how":[25],"modality":[27],"explanation":[29,85,93,98,104,170],"affects":[30],"its":[31,34],"effectiveness.":[32],"Despite":[33],"importance":[35,156],"in":[36,116,126,144],"technology":[38,44,136,160],"literature,":[40],"impact":[42],"suspicion":[45,161],"on":[46],"adoption":[48],"AVs":[50],"yet":[52],"be":[54],"fully":[55],"examined.":[56],"To":[57],"expand":[58],"our":[59],"understanding":[60],"AV":[62,181],"explanation,":[63],"we":[64],"conducted":[65],"a":[66,73,87],"within-subjects":[67],"experiment":[68],"with":[69,86,99,164],"32":[70],"participants":[71],"using":[72],"high-fidelity":[74],"driving":[75],"simulator.":[76],"Four":[77],"conditions":[78],"were":[79],"presented":[80],"participants:":[82],"(1)":[83],"auditory":[84,92,111],"non-driving-related":[88],"task":[89],"(NDRT),":[90],"(2)":[91],"without":[94,105],"NDRT,":[95,100],"(3)":[96],"visual":[97,103,139],"(4)":[102],"NDRT.":[106,130],"The":[107,152],"results":[108],"indicate":[109],"that":[110],"explanations":[112],"more":[114],"effective":[115,185],"reducing":[117],"anxiety":[118,148],"unsafety":[120],"perception":[121],"high-suspicion":[123],"individuals,":[124],"especially":[125],"absence":[128],"Conversely,":[131],"individuals":[132],"who":[133],"less":[135],"suspicious":[137],"prefer":[138],"explanations,":[140],"which":[141],"can":[142,175],"result":[143],"lower":[145],"levels":[146],"perceived":[150],"unsafety.":[151],"study":[153],"highlights":[154],"considering":[158],"individuals\u2019":[159],"engagement":[163],"NDRT":[165],"when":[166],"selecting":[167],"appropriate":[169],"modality,":[171],"findings":[174],"guide":[176],"design":[178],"future":[180],"systems":[182],"human-machine":[186],"interaction.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}