{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385489590","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3301150","title":"On the Representation Learning of Conditional Biometrics for Flexible Deployment","display_name":"On the Representation Learning of Conditional Biometrics for Flexible Deployment","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385489590","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3301150"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3301150","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3301150","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10201879.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10201879.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036923778","display_name":"Tiong-Sik Ng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7248-3935"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiong-Sik Ng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea","College of Engineering, School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7248-3935","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083277795","display_name":"Cheng-Yaw Low","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6764-0614"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104335","display_name":"Institute for Basic Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00y0zf565","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104335"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng-Yaw Low","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Data Science Group, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6764-0614","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Data Science Group, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104335"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024964867","display_name":"Jacky Chen Long Chai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacky Chen Long Chai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea","College of Engineering, School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051093782","display_name":"Andrew Beng Jin Teoh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5063-9484"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Beng Jin Teoh","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea","College of Engineering, School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5063-9484","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.8699,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72831887,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"82338","last_page":"82350"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.9424293041229248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.8351320624351501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7963293790817261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modality","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","score":0.6595582962036133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.6462349891662598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5517834424972534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modal","display_name":"Modal","score":0.5200017094612122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.5180625915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.48305946588516235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.4719513952732086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4662059545516968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.437389999628067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-learning","display_name":"Feature learning","score":0.43229299783706665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3322194218635559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.06518390774726868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.06000906229019165}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.9424293041229248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.8351320624351501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7963293790817261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.6595582962036133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.6462349891662598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5517834424972534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71139939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910194","display_name":"Modal","level":2,"score":0.5200017094612122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5180625915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.48305946588516235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4719513952732086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4662059545516968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.437389999628067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.43229299783706665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3322194218635559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.06518390774726868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.06000906229019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188027245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446","display_name":"Polymer chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3301150","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3301150","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10201879.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:abf98f2f48054492a396c935100ef893","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/abf98f2f48054492a396c935100ef893","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 82338-82350 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3301150","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3301150","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10201879.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1383108847","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2022R1A2C1010710","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5505654908","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2022R1A2C1010710","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning","ror":"https://ror.org/032e49973"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329096","display_name":"Chung Mong-Koo Foundation","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385489590.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385489590.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1568066294","https://openalex.org/W1821462560","https://openalex.org/W2003584106","https://openalex.org/W2013988101","https://openalex.org/W2024922353","https://openalex.org/W2092545044","https://openalex.org/W2096733369","https://openalex.org/W2134794961","https://openalex.org/W2150514752","https://openalex.org/W2152690956","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2225557772","https://openalex.org/W2239239723","https://openalex.org/W2325939864","https://openalex.org/W2526403378","https://openalex.org/W2536626143","https://openalex.org/W2559991176","https://openalex.org/W2776154048","https://openalex.org/W2776637495","https://openalex.org/W2783736101","https://openalex.org/W2913845656","https://openalex.org/W2940654320","https://openalex.org/W2962898354","https://openalex.org/W2962918445","https://openalex.org/W2963067184","https://openalex.org/W2963801643","https://openalex.org/W2963976704","https://openalex.org/W3005822473","https://openalex.org/W3047784225","https://openalex.org/W3081801061","https://openalex.org/W3083599435","https://openalex.org/W3083813200","https://openalex.org/W3097359649","https://openalex.org/W3120636043","https://openalex.org/W3159911863","https://openalex.org/W3163140850","https://openalex.org/W3176458998","https://openalex.org/W3207211939","https://openalex.org/W3210331700","https://openalex.org/W4206011313","https://openalex.org/W4236706032","https://openalex.org/W4287812705","https://openalex.org/W6635552349","https://openalex.org/W6638523607","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6688873943","https://openalex.org/W6751966083","https://openalex.org/W6776700526","https://openalex.org/W6783030598","https://openalex.org/W6795521230"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2076845124","https://openalex.org/W2183964146","https://openalex.org/W2379932303","https://openalex.org/W2095239294","https://openalex.org/W3147744369","https://openalex.org/W2062586268","https://openalex.org/W2019582947","https://openalex.org/W3212688212","https://openalex.org/W2381300099","https://openalex.org/W627697492"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Unimodal":[0],"biometric":[1,22,62],"systems":[2],"are":[3],"commonplace":[4],"nowadays.":[5],"However,":[6],"there":[7,31],"remains":[8],"room":[9],"for":[10,56,69,103,127],"performance":[11],"improvement.":[12],"Multimodal":[13],"biometrics,":[14],"i.e.,":[15],"the":[16,27,74,80,90,121],"combination":[17],"of":[18,26],"more":[19],"than":[20],"one":[21,25],"modality,":[23],"is":[24,64,99],"promising":[28],"remedies;":[29],"yet,":[30],"lie":[32],"various":[33],"limitations":[34],"in":[35,132],"deployment,":[36,59],"e.g.,":[37],"availability,":[38],"template":[39],"management,":[40],"deployment":[41,134],"cost,":[42],"etc.":[43],"In":[44],"this":[45],"paper,":[46],"we":[47],"propose":[48],"a":[49,61,86,100],"new":[50],"notion":[51],"dubbed":[52,89],"Conditional":[53,91,96],"Biometrics":[54,92,97],"representation":[55,70,77,101],"flexible":[57],"biometrics":[58,84],"whereby":[60],"modality":[63],"utilized":[65],"to":[66],"condition":[67],"another":[68],"learning.":[71],"We":[72],"demonstrate":[73,119],"proposed":[75,95],"conditioned":[76],"learning":[78],"on":[79,114],"face":[81],"and":[82,106,129],"periocular":[83],"via":[85],"deep":[87],"network":[88,122],"Network.":[93],"Our":[94,111],"Network":[98],"extractor":[102],"unimodal,":[104],"multimodal,":[105],"cross-modal":[107],"matching":[108],"during":[109],"deployment.":[110],"experimental":[112],"results":[113],"five":[115],"in-the-wild":[116],"periocular-face":[117],"datasets":[118],"that":[120],"outperforms":[123],"their":[124],"respective":[125],"baselines":[126],"identification":[128],"verification":[130],"tasks":[131],"all":[133],"scenarios.":[135]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}