{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385236728","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3298704","title":"Entropy to Mitigate Non-IID Data Problem on Federated Learning for the Edge Intelligence Environment","display_name":"Entropy to Mitigate Non-IID Data Problem on Federated Learning for the Edge Intelligence Environment","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385236728","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3298704"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3298704","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3298704","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10192897.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10192897.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092537849","display_name":"Fernanda C. Orlandi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6739-4556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130442723","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul","ror":"https://ror.org/041yk2d64","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130442723"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fernanda C. Orlandi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Institute of Informatics, UFRGS/PPGC, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6739-4556","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Institute of Informatics, UFRGS/PPGC, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130442723"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005086525","display_name":"Julio C\u00e9sar Santos dos Anjos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3623-2762"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I243754102","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Cear\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/03srtnf24","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I243754102"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julio C. S. Dos Anjos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Ceará, Graduate Program in Teleinformatics Engineering (PPGETI/UFC), Center of Technology, Campus of Pici, Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3623-2762","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Ceará, Graduate Program in Teleinformatics Engineering (PPGETI/UFC), Center of Technology, Campus of Pici, Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I243754102"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038022273","display_name":"Valderi Reis Quietinho Leithardt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0446-9271"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165014","display_name":"Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre","ror":"https://ror.org/05vnksv67","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165014"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Valderi R. Q. Leithardt","raw_affiliation_strings":["VALORIZA-Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, Portalegre, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0446-9271","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"VALORIZA-Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, Portalegre, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165014"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086486709","display_name":"Juan F. De Paz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9461-7922"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184999862","display_name":"Universidad de Salamanca","ror":"https://ror.org/02f40zc51","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184999862"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juan Francisco De Paz Santana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Expert Systems and Applications Laboratory (ESALAB), Faculty of Science, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9461-7922","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Expert Systems and Applications Laboratory (ESALAB), Faculty of Science, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184999862"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022040860","display_name":"Cl\u00e1udio F. R. Geyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8602-2336"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130442723","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul","ror":"https://ror.org/041yk2d64","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130442723"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claudio F. R. Geyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Institute of Informatics, UFRGS/PPGC, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8602-2336","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Institute of Informatics, UFRGS/PPGC, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130442723"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":6.5174,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97273347,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"78845","last_page":"78857"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11612","display_name":"Stochastic Gradient Optimization Techniques","score":0.9787999987602234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9764000177383423,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8059000968933105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.5657498240470886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5281921625137329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.48880335688591003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4646909236907959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3421444892883301}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8059000968933105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.5657498240470886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5281921625137329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.48880335688591003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4646909236907959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3421444892883301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3298704","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3298704","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10192897.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:73a1497ebacb4deb89422ec592dd5554","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/73a1497ebacb4deb89422ec592dd5554","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 78845-78857 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3298704","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3298704","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10192897.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.800000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1092953717","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2019-108883RB-C21/AEI/10.13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1643949827","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AEI/10.13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2148579211","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AEI/10.13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2262748287","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G300979063","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10.13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3480869486","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3794326933","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Code 001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","funder_display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5080475149","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10.13039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7084143925","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AEI/10","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7157900924","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020/09706-7","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7266728691","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7535663061","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AEI/10.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8684520763","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/02ddkpn78"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","ror":"https://ror.org/00x0ma614"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327335","display_name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia, Inova\u00e7\u00f5es e Comunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385236728.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385236728.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2885033069","https://openalex.org/W2907588548","https://openalex.org/W3006555759","https://openalex.org/W3012125688","https://openalex.org/W3021654819","https://openalex.org/W3023574229","https://openalex.org/W3026202797","https://openalex.org/W3038022836","https://openalex.org/W3047304572","https://openalex.org/W3086007304","https://openalex.org/W3111512201","https://openalex.org/W3127190257","https://openalex.org/W3140854437","https://openalex.org/W3141518839","https://openalex.org/W3184838508","https://openalex.org/W3196371845","https://openalex.org/W3196463200","https://openalex.org/W3205519586","https://openalex.org/W4210258792","https://openalex.org/W4213212372","https://openalex.org/W4213258821","https://openalex.org/W4214938481","https://openalex.org/W4281563618","https://openalex.org/W4283834908","https://openalex.org/W4285611407","https://openalex.org/W4287683067","https://openalex.org/W4292084264","https://openalex.org/W4293795158","https://openalex.org/W4293812334","https://openalex.org/W4299283926","https://openalex.org/W4308433828","https://openalex.org/W4318619660","https://openalex.org/W4320478019","https://openalex.org/W4324125178","https://openalex.org/W4362588172","https://openalex.org/W6728757088","https://openalex.org/W6759238902","https://openalex.org/W6773817997","https://openalex.org/W6773976177","https://openalex.org/W6838630560"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Machine":[0],"Learning":[1,31,97,153],"(ML)":[2],"algorithms":[3],"process":[4],"input":[5,60,106],"data":[6,18,56,66,89,110,167],"making":[7],"it":[8,53],"possible":[9],"to":[10,103,120,135,164],"recognize":[11],"and":[12,46,57,78,141],"extract":[13],"patterns":[14],"from":[15,107],"a":[16,29,84,91,108],"large":[17],"volume.":[19],"Likewise,":[20],"Internet":[21],"of":[22,160],"Things":[23],"(IoT)":[24],"devices":[25],"provide":[26],"knowledge":[27],"in":[28,64,151],"Federated":[30,96,152],"(FL)":[32],"environment,":[33],"sharing":[34],"parameters":[35],"without":[36],"compromising":[37],"their":[38],"raw":[39],"data.":[40],"However,":[41],"FL":[42],"suffers":[43],"with":[44,98,147],"non-independent":[45],"identically":[47],"distributed":[48],"(non-iid)":[49],"data,":[50,61],"which":[51],"means":[52],"is":[54],"heterogeneos":[55],"has":[58],"biased":[59],"such":[62],"as":[63],"smartphone":[65],"sources.":[67],"This":[68,81],"bias":[69],"causes":[70],"low":[71],"convergence":[72],"for":[73,137,143],"ML":[74],"algorithms,":[75],"high":[76],"energy":[77],"bandwidth":[79],"consumption.":[80],"work":[82],"proposes":[83],"method":[85],"that":[86,94,130],"mitigates":[87],"non-iid":[88,109,166],"through":[90],"FedAvg-BE":[92],"algorithm":[93],"provides":[95],"the":[99,138,144,148,158,161],"border":[100],"entropy":[101],"evaluation":[102,128],"select":[104],"good":[105],"environment.":[111],"Extensive":[112],"experiments":[113],"were":[114],"performed":[115],"using":[116],"publicly":[117],"available":[118],"datasets":[119],"train":[121],"deep":[122],"neural":[123],"networks.":[124],"The":[125,155],"experiment":[126],"result":[127],"demonstrates":[129],"execution":[131],"time":[132],"saves":[133],"up":[134],"22%":[136],"MNIST":[139],"dataset":[140],"26%":[142],"CIFAR-10":[145],"dataset,":[146],"proposed":[149,162],"model":[150,163],"settings.":[154],"results":[156],"demonstrate":[157],"feasibility":[159],"mitigate":[165],"impact.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-10T07:45:09.275182","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}