{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4384916163","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3296850","title":"HSM-QA: Question Answering System Based on Hierarchical Semantic Matching","display_name":"HSM-QA: Question Answering System Based on Hierarchical Semantic Matching","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4384916163","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3296850"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3296850","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3296850","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10187143.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10187143.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041539748","display_name":"Jinlu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8731-7099"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191208505","display_name":"Xiamen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mcjh785","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinlu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Multimedia Trusted Perception and Efficient Computing, Ministry of Education of China, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Multimedia Trusted Perception and Efficient Computing, Ministry of Education of China, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113259141","display_name":"Jing He","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191208505","display_name":"Xiamen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mcjh785","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Multimedia Trusted Perception and Efficient Computing, Ministry of Education of China, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Multimedia Trusted Perception and Efficient Computing, Ministry of Education of China, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091531008","display_name":"Yiyi Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5110-4526"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191208505","display_name":"Xiamen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mcjh785","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiyi Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Multimedia Trusted Perception and Efficient Computing, Ministry of Education of China, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5110-4526","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Multimedia Trusted Perception and Efficient Computing, Ministry of Education of China, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059926864","display_name":"Xiaoshuai Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3912-9306"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191208505","display_name":"Xiamen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mcjh785","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoshuai Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Multimedia Trusted Perception and Efficient Computing, Ministry of Education of China, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China","Instiute of Artifictal Intelligence, Xiamen University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3912-9306","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Multimedia Trusted Perception and Efficient Computing, Ministry of Education of China, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instiute of Artifictal Intelligence, Xiamen University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100321671","display_name":"Xiao Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0314-9295"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191208505","display_name":"Xiamen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mcjh785","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19880235","display_name":"Lomonosov Moscow State University","ror":"https://ror.org/010pmpe69","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19880235"]}],"countries":["CN","RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digital Governance Laboratory, Sichuan Administration Institute, Chengdu, China","Sino-Russian Research Center for Digital Economy, Xiamen University, China & Moscow State University, Russia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0314-9295","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Governance Laboratory, Sichuan Administration Institute, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sino-Russian Research Center for Digital Economy, Xiamen University, China & Moscow State University, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19880235","https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.3263,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64065983,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"77826","last_page":"77839"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13274","display_name":"Expert finding and Q&A systems","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9861000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8525046706199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/question-answering","display_name":"Question answering","score":0.7524327635765076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pairwise-comparison","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","score":0.7158358097076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.6694467067718506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.6337416768074036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5306379199028015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/query-expansion","display_name":"Query expansion","score":0.49676424264907837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity","display_name":"Ambiguity","score":0.45422059297561646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relevance","display_name":"Relevance (law)","score":0.45045900344848633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.42822733521461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.4194958209991455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.389331579208374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.37289541959762573}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8525046706199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.7524327635765076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184898388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435712","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","level":2,"score":0.7158358097076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.6694467067718506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.6337416768074036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5306379199028015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99016210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5488129","display_name":"Query expansion","level":2,"score":0.49676424264907837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.45422059297561646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.45045900344848633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.42822733521461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.4194958209991455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.389331579208374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37289541959762573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3296850","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3296850","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10187143.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5396221ad972408284528bb112d88334","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5396221ad972408284528bb112d88334","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 77826-77839 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3296850","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3296850","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10187143.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8500000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1271955826","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u5f31\u76d1\u7763\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u673a\u8f7d\u5730/\u6d77\u5c0f\u76ee\u6807\u68c0\u6d4b\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"62072387","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1300220747","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62025603","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1627692989","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021J01002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321878","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1656144382","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No.62025603","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336125","funder_display_name":"National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1713632304","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 62176222","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1787173488","display_name":"\u9762\u5411\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u5bf9\u6297\u653b\u9632\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"62072389","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2447310679","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 62072387","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2785666877","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62002305","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3181244293","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022J06001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3297500391","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 62002305 and No. 62272401","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G352542591","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 62072389","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3568142893","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272401","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3847388542","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 62272401","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G390962370","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021J01002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5240044830","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 62002305","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5284885812","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62176222","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5663003100","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 62176226","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G602081181","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022ZD0118201","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6075090814","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62025603","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336125","funder_display_name":"National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6727647225","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62176226","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G717600273","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U22B2051","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7220565969","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022J06001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321878","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7250792352","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. U21B2037","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7272499820","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U21B2037","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7779606772","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62176223","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8332377567","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. U22B2051","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8406165135","display_name":"\u9762\u5411\u56fe\u654f\u611f\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u5316\u8d85\u56fe\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"62072386","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8543110389","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 62072386","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8765500041","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 62176223","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321878","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327281","display_name":"Jilin Office of Philosophy and Social Science","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336125","display_name":"National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4384916163.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4384916163.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":100,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W197912434","https://openalex.org/W1507223999","https://openalex.org/W1973435495","https://openalex.org/W1979263599","https://openalex.org/W2000389083","https://openalex.org/W2002461265","https://openalex.org/W2002658919","https://openalex.org/W2029148261","https://openalex.org/W2036001619","https://openalex.org/W2094145178","https://openalex.org/W2106473595","https://openalex.org/W2118599489","https://openalex.org/W2119288676","https://openalex.org/W2125398996","https://openalex.org/W2128877075","https://openalex.org/W2143331230","https://openalex.org/W2146537661","https://openalex.org/W2148527697","https://openalex.org/W2157063199","https://openalex.org/W2161152375","https://openalex.org/W2171590421","https://openalex.org/W2179828881","https://openalex.org/W2192410469","https://openalex.org/W2233955765","https://openalex.org/W2252143362","https://openalex.org/W2254247457","https://openalex.org/W2264274310","https://openalex.org/W2294661159","https://openalex.org/W2397326603","https://openalex.org/W2559338413","https://openalex.org/W2586833297","https://openalex.org/W2750694830","https://openalex.org/W2751698296","https://openalex.org/W2751927167","https://openalex.org/W2753410294","https://openalex.org/W2753516388","https://openalex.org/W2753828065","https://openalex.org/W2755391264","https://openalex.org/W2876111955","https://openalex.org/W2886993012","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2923014074","https://openalex.org/W2938830017","https://openalex.org/W2945260553","https://openalex.org/W2945465473","https://openalex.org/W2956105129","https://openalex.org/W2962739339","https://openalex.org/W2963159690","https://openalex.org/W2963748441","https://openalex.org/W2963797960","https://openalex.org/W2963900171","https://openalex.org/W2965373594","https://openalex.org/W2968468170","https://openalex.org/W2970641574","https://openalex.org/W2978017171","https://openalex.org/W2989868392","https://openalex.org/W2996428491","https://openalex.org/W3005732981","https://openalex.org/W3007672467","https://openalex.org/W3034457371","https://openalex.org/W3094152627","https://openalex.org/W3096342776","https://openalex.org/W3105816068","https://openalex.org/W3118999024","https://openalex.org/W3122890974","https://openalex.org/W3139958517","https://openalex.org/W3154229486","https://openalex.org/W3162625584","https://openalex.org/W3171291687","https://openalex.org/W3174965650","https://openalex.org/W3194489607","https://openalex.org/W3203354307","https://openalex.org/W4224304134","https://openalex.org/W4287633642","https://openalex.org/W4287999635","https://openalex.org/W4288616731","https://openalex.org/W4296557505","https://openalex.org/W4313451974","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6607690188","https://openalex.org/W6608016871","https://openalex.org/W6630342541","https://openalex.org/W6643393412","https://openalex.org/W6683677673","https://openalex.org/W6685405515","https://openalex.org/W6720226654","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6753143414","https://openalex.org/W6761910064","https://openalex.org/W6762122294","https://openalex.org/W6766673545","https://openalex.org/W6768021236","https://openalex.org/W6768851824","https://openalex.org/W6774222543","https://openalex.org/W6779068807","https://openalex.org/W6784846865","https://openalex.org/W6785306194","https://openalex.org/W6787757238","https://openalex.org/W6794146050","https://openalex.org/W6799616640"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2353179089","https://openalex.org/W2384605597","https://openalex.org/W2487162673","https://openalex.org/W2923538289","https://openalex.org/W2793211469","https://openalex.org/W2353125546","https://openalex.org/W2949152769","https://openalex.org/W2470643824","https://openalex.org/W4372354731","https://openalex.org/W2942366970"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,98],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"Question":[3],"Answering":[4],"(QA)":[5],"systems":[6],"have":[7],"gained":[8],"popularity":[9],"as":[10,96,141],"a":[11,46,74,113,167,179,183,212],"means":[12],"of":[13,20,36,100,107,161,170,208,214],"acquiring":[14],"knowledge.":[15],"However,":[16],"the":[17,33,81,88,105,108,118,127,159,203],"prevalent":[18],"approach":[19,49],"matching":[21],"question-answer":[22],"pairs":[23],"still":[24],"suffers":[25],"from":[26,173],"low":[27],"precision":[28],"and":[29,67,92,111,122,132,154,177,206],"efficiency":[30,207],"due":[31],"to":[32,79,116,157,195],"inherent":[34],"ambiguity":[35],"natural":[37],"language":[38,185],"descriptions.":[39],"To":[40],"address":[41,158],"these":[42,136],"issues,":[43],"we":[44,103,165],"propose":[45,112],"novel":[47],"QA":[48,144,163,193],"based":[50,124],"on":[51,125,191],"hierarchical":[52],"semantic":[53],"matching,":[54,73,102],"termed":[55],"HSM-QA.":[56,198],"Specifically,":[57],"HSM-QA":[58],"is":[59,77],"decomposed":[60],"into":[61],"two":[62,137],"main":[63],"steps,":[64],"i.e.,":[65],"query-question":[66,72,84],"query-answer":[68,101],"matchings,":[69],"respectively.":[70],"For":[71],"Siamese":[75],"network":[76],"applied":[78],"calculate":[80,117],"similarity":[82],"between":[83,120],"pairs,":[85],"which":[86,126],"recalls":[87],"most":[89],"similar":[90],"questions":[91],"their":[93],"corresponding":[94],"answers":[95],"candidates.":[97],"terms":[99],"adopt":[104],"idea":[106],"pairwise":[109],"algorithm":[110],"single-stream":[114],"structure":[115],"relevance":[119],"query":[121],"answer,":[123],"best-matching":[128],"candidates":[129],"are":[130,139,189],"ranked":[131],"returned.":[133],"After":[134],"training,":[135],"steps":[138],"combined":[140],"an":[142],"efficient":[143],"scheme":[145],"for":[146],"different":[147],"languages,":[148],"<italic":[149],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[150],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">e.g</i>":[151],".,":[152],"English":[153],"Chinese.":[155],"Furthermore,":[156],"lack":[160],"Chinese":[162,174],"datasets,":[164],"collect":[166],"massive":[168],"amount":[169],"text":[171],"data":[172],"social":[175],"media":[176],"generate":[178],"new":[180],"dataset":[181],"via":[182],"pre-trained":[184],"model.":[186],"Extensive":[187],"experiments":[188],"conducted":[190],"six":[192],"datasets":[194],"validate":[196],"our":[197,209],"The":[199],"experimental":[200],"results":[201],"demonstrate":[202],"superior":[204],"performance":[205],"method":[210],"than":[211],"set":[213],"compared":[215],"methods.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}