{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4384916271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3296805","title":"Defending AI-Based Automatic Modulation Recognition Models Against Adversarial Attacks","display_name":"Defending AI-Based Automatic Modulation Recognition Models Against Adversarial Attacks","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4384916271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3296805"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3296805","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3296805","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10187134.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10187134.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Haolin Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5115-999X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184840846","display_name":"Virginia Commonwealth University","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkdxk79","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haolin Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5115-999X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044259885","display_name":"Ferhat \u00d6zg\u00fcr \u00c7atak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2434-9966"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92008406","display_name":"University of Stavanger","ror":"https://ror.org/02qte9q33","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92008406"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ferhat Ozgur Catak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2434-9966","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92008406"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091398081","display_name":"Murat Kuzlu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8719-2353"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81365321","display_name":"Old Dominion University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zjtrb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Murat Kuzlu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering Technology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8719-2353","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering Technology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002685259","display_name":"Evren \u00c7atak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1359-7128"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Evren Catak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent Researcher, Stavanger, Norway","Independent researcher, Stavanger, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent Researcher, Stavanger, Norway","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent researcher, Stavanger, Norway","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057642791","display_name":"Yanxiao Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4498-7073"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184840846","display_name":"Virginia Commonwealth University","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkdxk79","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanxiao Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4498-7073","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.6316,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8681885,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"76629","last_page":"76637"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.944599986076355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9358999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8492153882980347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.8462899923324585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-machine-learning","display_name":"Adversarial machine learning","score":0.7236496210098267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7104945182800293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5548094511032104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.45367997884750366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.4133650064468384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3443581759929657}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8492153882980347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.8462899923324585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778403875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20312394","display_name":"Adversarial machine learning","level":3,"score":0.7236496210098267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7104945182800293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5548094511032104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.45367997884750366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4133650064468384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3443581759929657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3296805","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3296805","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10187134.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.odu.edu:engtech_fac_pubs-1203","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/engtech_fac_pubs/200","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196314","display_name":"ODU Digital Commons (Old Dominion University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I81365321","host_organization_name":"Old Dominion University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Engineering Technology Faculty Publications","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a652224136504d50b975ca6f03f15a66","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a652224136504d50b975ca6f03f15a66","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 76629-76637 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3296805","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3296805","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10187134.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6000000238418579,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4384916271.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4384916271.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1821462560","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2130014182","https://openalex.org/W2139054978","https://openalex.org/W2734408173","https://openalex.org/W2741230443","https://openalex.org/W2902209839","https://openalex.org/W2910659914","https://openalex.org/W2964082701","https://openalex.org/W2966167458","https://openalex.org/W3018474795","https://openalex.org/W3101503122","https://openalex.org/W3104028856","https://openalex.org/W3113059984","https://openalex.org/W3127355490","https://openalex.org/W3163024989","https://openalex.org/W3211742690","https://openalex.org/W4225662012","https://openalex.org/W4286255690","https://openalex.org/W4294672378","https://openalex.org/W4295308531","https://openalex.org/W4295700760","https://openalex.org/W4318614975","https://openalex.org/W6638523607","https://openalex.org/W6917408469"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3048732067","https://openalex.org/W4383468834","https://openalex.org/W4384648009","https://openalex.org/W4303645823","https://openalex.org/W4285263558","https://openalex.org/W2900159906","https://openalex.org/W4287828318","https://openalex.org/W2406556600","https://openalex.org/W4283221438","https://openalex.org/W2899811703"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"Modulation":[1],"Recognition":[2],"(AMR)":[3],"is":[4],"one":[5,61],"of":[6,15,29,53,72,86,100,125,152],"the":[7,11,26,30,50,60,77,98,122,126,132,150,153],"critical":[8],"steps":[9],"in":[10,56,70,108],"signal":[12,32],"processing":[13],"chain":[14],"wireless":[16],"networks,":[17],"which":[18,130],"can":[19,66,119,166,176],"significantly":[20,120,178],"improve":[21],"communication":[22],"performance.":[23],"AMR":[24,43,64,103,128,164],"detects":[25],"modulation":[27],"scheme":[28],"received":[31],"without":[33],"any":[34],"prior":[35],"information.":[36],"Recently,":[37],"many":[38],"Artificial":[39],"Intelligence":[40],"(AI)":[41],"based":[42],"methods":[44,55,65,69],"have":[45],"been":[46],"proposed,":[47],"inspired":[48],"by":[49,180],"considerable":[51],"progress":[52],"AI":[54],"various":[57],"fields.":[58],"On":[59,76],"hand,":[62,79],"AI-based":[63,102,127,163],"outperform":[67],"traditional":[68],"terms":[71],"accuracy":[73],"and":[74,111,134],"efficiency.":[75],"other":[78],"they":[80],"are":[81],"susceptible":[82],"to":[83,105,148,170],"new":[84],"types":[85],"cyberattacks,":[87],"such":[88],"as":[89],"model":[90,104,154,165],"poisoning":[91],"or":[92],"adversarial":[93,106,156,171],"attacks.":[94,157],"This":[95],"paper":[96],"explores":[97],"vulnerabilities":[99,151,175],"an":[101],"attacks":[107,118],"both":[109],"single-input-single-output":[110],"multiple-input-multiple-output":[112],"scenarios.":[113],"We":[114],"show":[115],"that":[116,162],"these":[117],"reduce":[121,149],"classification":[123],"performance":[124],"model,":[129],"highlights":[131],"security":[133],"robustness":[135],"concerns.":[136],"Therefore,":[137],"we":[138],"propose":[139],"a":[140],"widely":[141],"used":[142],"mitigation":[143,182],"method":[144],"(i.e.,":[145],"defensive":[146],"distillation)":[147],"against":[155],"The":[158],"simulation":[159],"results":[160],"indicate":[161],"be":[167,177],"highly":[168],"vulnerable":[169],"attacks,":[172],"but":[173],"their":[174],"reduced":[179],"using":[181],"methods.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}