{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4384916913","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3296789","title":"An Ensemble-Based Parallel Deep Learning Classifier With PSO-BP Optimization for Malware Detection","display_name":"An Ensemble-Based Parallel Deep Learning Classifier With PSO-BP Optimization for Malware Detection","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4384916913","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3296789"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3296789","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3296789","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10187128.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10187128.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076275091","display_name":"Mohammed Nasser Al-Andoli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6491-9938"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Nasser Al-Andoli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010387108","display_name":"Kok Swee Sim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2976-8825"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kok Swee Sim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053906728","display_name":"Shing Chiang Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1267-1894"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shing Chiang Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015350300","display_name":"Pey Yun Goh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2060-3223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pey Yun Goh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072923302","display_name":"Chee Peng Lim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4191-9083"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149704539","display_name":"Deakin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02czsnj07","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chee Peng Lim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076275091"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":5.4886,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96889878,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"76330","last_page":"76346"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8302347660064697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.7815752625465393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6357919573783875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5444286465644836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5428367853164673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4886822998523712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.46095752716064453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","score":0.4529619514942169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3947732150554657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.10799345374107361}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8302347660064697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.7815752625465393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6357919573783875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5444286465644836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5428367853164673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4886822998523712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.46095752716064453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.4529619514942169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3947732150554657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.10799345374107361}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3296789","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3296789","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10187128.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:shdl.mmu.edu.my:11679","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196753","display_name":"Siti Hasmah Digital Library-MMU Institutiona Repository (Multimedia University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","host_organization_name":"Multimedia University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"NonPeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c76c8fe1b7294a65b403bd096fa9ff3b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c76c8fe1b7294a65b403bd096fa9ff3b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 76330-76346 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/23812083","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/An_Ensemble-Based_Parallel_Deep_Learning_Classifier_with_PSO-BP_Optimization_for_Malware_Detection/23812083","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3296789","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3296789","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10187128.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4332876562","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MMUI/220154","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313202","funder_display_name":"Multimedia University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313202","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4384916913.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4384916913.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W94505116","https://openalex.org/W1584002905","https://openalex.org/W1956767865","https://openalex.org/W2006394045","https://openalex.org/W2016998844","https://openalex.org/W2059094285","https://openalex.org/W2070599033","https://openalex.org/W2093238926","https://openalex.org/W2125743503","https://openalex.org/W2146594972","https://openalex.org/W2149306144","https://openalex.org/W2521504039","https://openalex.org/W2567139121","https://openalex.org/W2577155794","https://openalex.org/W2596319557","https://openalex.org/W2598193574","https://openalex.org/W2768653635","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2931858311","https://openalex.org/W2966634653","https://openalex.org/W2968162181","https://openalex.org/W2998074434","https://openalex.org/W3005303523","https://openalex.org/W3006334803","https://openalex.org/W3011624874","https://openalex.org/W3013682536","https://openalex.org/W3023107948","https://openalex.org/W3033777149","https://openalex.org/W3038275207","https://openalex.org/W3048788384","https://openalex.org/W3081627837","https://openalex.org/W3093636427","https://openalex.org/W3112311055","https://openalex.org/W3113168908","https://openalex.org/W3129906305","https://openalex.org/W3151585744","https://openalex.org/W3156576211","https://openalex.org/W3157056612","https://openalex.org/W3167041328","https://openalex.org/W3176174600","https://openalex.org/W3181637867","https://openalex.org/W3198366832","https://openalex.org/W3216490468","https://openalex.org/W4206156189","https://openalex.org/W4210988783","https://openalex.org/W4220851512","https://openalex.org/W4281293216","https://openalex.org/W4282554497","https://openalex.org/W4285293538","https://openalex.org/W4295830359","https://openalex.org/W4296312524","https://openalex.org/W4296466829","https://openalex.org/W4297099979","https://openalex.org/W4297755956","https://openalex.org/W4307725013","https://openalex.org/W4308206417","https://openalex.org/W4394863238","https://openalex.org/W6603836601","https://openalex.org/W6640826072","https://openalex.org/W6727156235","https://openalex.org/W6747481501","https://openalex.org/W6793643700","https://openalex.org/W6811959033"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2097492617","https://openalex.org/W2753240997","https://openalex.org/W1764168690","https://openalex.org/W2537959205","https://openalex.org/W2740895074","https://openalex.org/W2772446090","https://openalex.org/W4284893819","https://openalex.org/W3124943098","https://openalex.org/W4308112567","https://openalex.org/W3162132941"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Digital":[0],"networks":[1],"and":[2,23,45,57,108,121,131,140,167,169,178,211],"systems":[3],"are":[4,119],"susceptible":[5],"to":[6,21,77,197],"malicious":[7],"software":[8],"(malware)":[9],"attacks.":[10],"Deep":[11],"learning":[12,98],"(DL)":[13],"models":[14,28,72,107,118],"have":[15,180],"recently":[16],"emerged":[17],"as":[18,53,112],"effective":[19],"methods":[20,66,217],"classify":[22],"detect":[24],"malware.":[25],"However,":[26],"DL":[27,88,105,117],"often":[29],"relies":[30],"on":[31,129],"gradient":[32],"descent":[33],"optimization":[34,46,126],"in":[35,218],"learning,":[36],"i.e.,":[37],"the":[38,62,68,143,190,204],"Back-Propagation":[39],"(BP)":[40],"algorithm;":[41],"therefore,":[42],"their":[43,75],"training":[44],"procedures":[47],"suffer":[48],"from":[49],"several":[50],"limitations,":[51],"such":[52],"high":[54,170],"computational":[55,191],"cost":[56],"local":[58],"suboptimal":[59],"solutions.":[60],"On":[61],"other":[63,215],"hand,":[64],"ensemble":[65,97,144,154,206],"overcome":[67],"shortcomings":[69],"of":[70,142,173],"individual":[71],"by":[73,193],"consolidating":[74],"strengths":[76],"increase":[78],"performance.":[79],"In":[80,93],"this":[81],"paper,":[82],"we":[83],"propose":[84],"an":[85],"ensemble-based":[86],"parallel":[87,147,185],"classifier":[89],"for":[90],"malware":[91,160,219],"detection.":[92,220],"particular,":[94],"a":[95,109,113,124,146,194],"stacked":[96],"method":[99,127,155,207],"is":[100,150,156,208],"developed,":[101],"which":[102],"leverages":[103],"five":[104,159],"base":[106],"neural":[110],"network":[111],"meta":[114],"model.":[115],"The":[116,152],"trained":[120],"optimized":[122],"with":[123],"hybrid":[125],"based":[128],"BP":[130],"Particle":[132],"Swarm":[133],"Optimization":[134],"(PSO)":[135],"algorithms.":[136],"To":[137],"improve":[138],"scalability":[139],"efficiency":[141],"method,":[145],"computing":[148],"framework":[149],"exploited.":[151],"proposed":[153,205],"evaluated":[157],"using":[158],"datasets":[161],"(namely,":[162],"Drebin,":[163],"NTAM,":[164],"TOP-PE,":[165],"DikeDataset,":[166],"ML_Android),":[168],"accuracy":[171],"rates":[172],"99.2%,":[174],"99.3%,":[175],"98.7%,":[176],"100%,":[177],"100%":[179],"been":[181],"achieved,":[182],"respectively.":[183],"Its":[184],"implementation":[186],"also":[187],"significantly":[188],"enhances":[189],"speed":[192],"factor":[195],"up":[196],"6.75":[198],"times.":[199],"These":[200],"results":[201],"ascertain":[202],"that":[203],"effective,":[209],"efficient,":[210],"scalable,":[212],"outperforming":[213],"many":[214],"compared":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-04-11T08:14:18.477133","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
