{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4384519193","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3296311","title":"5G Aviation Networks Using Novel AI Approach for DDoS Detection","display_name":"5G Aviation Networks Using Novel AI Approach for DDoS Detection","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4384519193","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3296311"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3296311","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3296311","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10185042.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10185042.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046232464","display_name":"Huw Whitworth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1297-6307"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huw Whitworth","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aerospace, Cranfield University, Cranfield, U.K","School of Aerospace, Cranfield University, Cranfield, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1297-6307","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace, Cranfield University, Cranfield, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace, Cranfield University, Cranfield, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023648639","display_name":"Saba Al\u2013Rubaye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3293-904X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saba Al-Rubaye","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aerospace, Cranfield University, Cranfield, U.K","School of Aerospace, Cranfield University, Cranfield, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3293-904X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace, Cranfield University, Cranfield, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace, Cranfield University, Cranfield, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085012064","display_name":"Antonios Tsourdos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3966-7633"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonios Tsourdos","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aerospace, Cranfield University, Cranfield, U.K","School of Aerospace, Cranfield University, Cranfield, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3966-7633","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace, Cranfield University, Cranfield, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace, Cranfield University, Cranfield, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054473209","display_name":"Julia Jiggins","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283236314","display_name":"Thales (Portugal)","ror":"https://ror.org/051w1mx35","country_code":"PT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283236314","https://openalex.org/I4210140930"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093062","display_name":"Thales (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00r8j9489","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093062","https://openalex.org/I4210140930"]}],"countries":["GB","PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julia Jiggins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Thales Avionics, Thales UK, Crawley, U.K","Thales Avionics, Thales UK, Crawley, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thales Avionics, Thales UK, Crawley, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283236314"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thales Avionics, Thales UK, Crawley, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093062"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.1139,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88676453,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"77518","last_page":"77542"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9815999865531921,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12597","display_name":"Fire Detection and Safety Systems","score":0.9732999801635742,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8211374282836914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.7116774916648865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6894497871398926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.635772705078125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5877094864845276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.49530163407325745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.42554813623428345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.39612337946891785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.37854793667793274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.36094605922698975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3605721592903137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8211374282836914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.7116774916648865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6894497871398926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.635772705078125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5877094864845276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.49530163407325745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.42554813623428345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.39612337946891785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37854793667793274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.36094605922698975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3605721592903137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3296311","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3296311","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10185042.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:52d15d29a7e5447cb95bc90cff036eb8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/52d15d29a7e5447cb95bc90cff036eb8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 77518-77542 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk:1826/20059","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/20059","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401778","display_name":"CERES (Cranfield University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","host_organization_name":"Cranfield University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3296311","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3296311","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10185042.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6600000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313479","display_name":"Department of Transport, UK Government","ror":"https://ror.org/010mf0m52"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314707","display_name":"Government of the United Kingdom","ror":"https://ror.org/05wnh3t63"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320343","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4384519193.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4384519193.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":71,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1577498723","https://openalex.org/W1612573205","https://openalex.org/W1969953346","https://openalex.org/W1989454965","https://openalex.org/W1995060632","https://openalex.org/W2003530067","https://openalex.org/W2009124313","https://openalex.org/W2010756360","https://openalex.org/W2054763000","https://openalex.org/W2101713460","https://openalex.org/W2109099170","https://openalex.org/W2116286374","https://openalex.org/W2128087274","https://openalex.org/W2146081736","https://openalex.org/W2159306446","https://openalex.org/W2163375756","https://openalex.org/W2183397118","https://openalex.org/W2253429366","https://openalex.org/W2289011413","https://openalex.org/W2561095900","https://openalex.org/W2584408238","https://openalex.org/W2598684549","https://openalex.org/W2625013748","https://openalex.org/W2756940441","https://openalex.org/W2779585691","https://openalex.org/W2797742547","https://openalex.org/W2798388460","https://openalex.org/W2810995206","https://openalex.org/W2898943231","https://openalex.org/W2902413139","https://openalex.org/W2908818413","https://openalex.org/W2935060349","https://openalex.org/W2944074073","https://openalex.org/W2945572725","https://openalex.org/W2946771097","https://openalex.org/W2969526048","https://openalex.org/W2982682021","https://openalex.org/W2996688537","https://openalex.org/W2998216295","https://openalex.org/W3017346274","https://openalex.org/W3020024601","https://openalex.org/W3022034716","https://openalex.org/W3034750754","https://openalex.org/W3039439473","https://openalex.org/W3083616926","https://openalex.org/W3087836803","https://openalex.org/W3090232286","https://openalex.org/W3093478721","https://openalex.org/W3105750153","https://openalex.org/W3164082193","https://openalex.org/W3165390445","https://openalex.org/W3170761970","https://openalex.org/W3186003301","https://openalex.org/W3212012703","https://openalex.org/W3216464239","https://openalex.org/W4200206556","https://openalex.org/W4281566487","https://openalex.org/W4281626928","https://openalex.org/W4285227013","https://openalex.org/W4285813750","https://openalex.org/W4288108355","https://openalex.org/W4295308257","https://openalex.org/W4297775537","https://openalex.org/W4308092265","https://openalex.org/W4312902077","https://openalex.org/W4322731402","https://openalex.org/W6675357634","https://openalex.org/W6735304853","https://openalex.org/W6737664043","https://openalex.org/W6767303091","https://openalex.org/W7066667914"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2765763546","https://openalex.org/W4386482731","https://openalex.org/W4385302085","https://openalex.org/W2360429410","https://openalex.org/W4390188535","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3103566983","https://openalex.org/W1996690921"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,136],"advent":[1],"of":[2,13,22,42,56,89,133,143,159,178,197,210,218],"Fifth":[3],"Generation":[4],"(5G)":[5],"technology":[6],"has":[7,25],"ushered":[8],"in":[9,15],"a":[10,67,73,79,174],"new":[11],"era":[12],"advancements":[14],"the":[16,20,28,40,125,146,182],"aviation":[17],"sector.":[18],"However,":[19],"introduction":[21],"smart":[23],"infrastructure":[24],"significantly":[26],"altered":[27],"threat":[29],"landscape":[30],"at":[31],"airports,":[32],"leading":[33],"to":[34,39,84,116,206],"an":[35,47,51,118,141,195,208],"increased":[36],"vulnerability":[37],"due":[38],"proliferation":[41],"endpoints.":[43],"Consequently,":[44],"there":[45],"is":[46,122],"urgent":[48],"requirement":[49],"for":[50,128,185],"automated":[52],"detection":[53],"system":[54],"capable":[55],"promptly":[57],"identifying":[58],"and":[59,131,157,162,215,221],"thwarting":[60],"network":[61],"intrusions.":[62],"This":[63],"research":[64],"paper":[65],"proposes":[66],"deep":[68],"learning":[69],"methodology":[70],"that":[71],"merges":[72],"Convolutional":[74],"Neural":[75],"Network":[76],"(CNN)":[77],"with":[78,212],"Gated":[80],"Recurrent":[81],"Unit":[82],"(GRU)":[83],"effectively":[85],"detect":[86],"various":[87],"types":[88],"cyber":[90],"threats":[91],"using":[92,173],"tabular-based":[93],"image":[94],"data.":[95],"To":[96,164],"transform":[97],"time":[98],"series":[99],"features":[100],"into":[101,124],"2D":[102],"texture":[103],"images,":[104],"Gramian":[105],"Angular":[106],"Fields":[107],"(GAFs)":[108],"are":[109,113],"utilized.":[110],"These":[111],"images":[112],"then":[114],"stacked":[115],"form":[117],"N-channel":[119],"image,":[120],"which":[121],"fed":[123],"CNN-GRU":[126],"architecture":[127],"sequence":[129],"analysis":[130],"identification":[132],"potential":[134],"threats.":[135],"provide":[137],"solution":[138],"GAF-CNN-GRU":[139],"achieved":[140,154],"accuracy":[142,209],"98.6%":[144],"on":[145,181],"Cranfield":[147],"Embedded":[148],"Systems":[149],"Attack":[150],"Dataset.":[151],"We":[152],"further":[153,169],"Precision,":[155,213],"Recall":[156,214],"F1-scores":[158],"97.84%,":[160],"91%":[161],"94.3%.":[163],"evaluate":[165],"model":[166],"robustness":[167],"we":[168],"tested":[170],"this":[171],"approach,":[172],"benchmark":[175],"random":[176],"selection":[177],"input":[179],"features,":[180],"Canadian":[183],"Institute":[184],"Cyber-Security":[186],"(CIC)":[187],"2019":[188],"Distributed":[189],"Denial-of-service":[190],"attack":[191],"(DDoS)":[192],"Dataset":[193],"achieving":[194],"Accuracy":[196],"89.08%.":[198],"Following":[199],"feature":[200],"optimisation":[201],"our":[202],"approach":[203],"was":[204],"able":[205],"achieve":[207],"98.36%":[211],"F1":[216],"scores":[217],"93.09%,":[219],"95.45%":[220],"94.56%":[222],"respectively.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
