{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4383751018","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3294099","title":"CNN Learning Strategy for Recognizing Facial Expressions","display_name":"CNN Learning Strategy for Recognizing Facial Expressions","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4383751018","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3294099"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3294099","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3294099","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10177800.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10177800.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100654323","display_name":"Donghwan Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2181-9213"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142401562","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142401562","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88761825","display_name":"Korea University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/000qzf213","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88761825"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong-Hwan Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon, South Korea","University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2181-9213","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88761825"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101596480","display_name":"Jang\u2010Hee Yoo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0495-9211"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142401562","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142401562","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88761825","display_name":"Korea University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/000qzf213","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88761825"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jang-Hee Yoo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon, South Korea","University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0495-9211","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88761825"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.9065,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92564587,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"70865","last_page":"70872"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.787002682685852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.710476279258728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.7023847699165344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6035003662109375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5967656970024109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression-recognition","display_name":"Facial expression recognition","score":0.5959215760231018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.48210954666137695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.42502227425575256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.42416390776634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.4052009582519531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3312942683696747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3250854015350342}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.787002682685852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.710476279258728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.7023847699165344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6035003662109375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5967656970024109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987714656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185804","display_name":"Facial expression recognition","level":4,"score":0.5959215760231018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.48210954666137695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.42502227425575256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.42416390776634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.4052009582519531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3312942683696747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3250854015350342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3294099","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3294099","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10177800.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:306370603d594ae58a00c3dc0dd939ec","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/306370603d594ae58a00c3dc0dd939ec","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 70865-70872 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3294099","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3294099","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10177800.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5980116363","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019\u20130-00330","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7476185155","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019-0-00330","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4383751018.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4383751018.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W592081968","https://openalex.org/W1034159276","https://openalex.org/W1546411676","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1964504906","https://openalex.org/W2032254851","https://openalex.org/W2070375989","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2103943262","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2113866532","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2119144962","https://openalex.org/W2145310492","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2165698076","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2572324811","https://openalex.org/W2581082139","https://openalex.org/W2584487694","https://openalex.org/W2744909235","https://openalex.org/W2799041689","https://openalex.org/W2809598685","https://openalex.org/W2889978276","https://openalex.org/W2902038035","https://openalex.org/W2906004658","https://openalex.org/W2921644959","https://openalex.org/W2945731770","https://openalex.org/W2963674932","https://openalex.org/W2964050365","https://openalex.org/W2970124028","https://openalex.org/W2988916019","https://openalex.org/W3023340129","https://openalex.org/W3034552680","https://openalex.org/W3036381403","https://openalex.org/W3044580164","https://openalex.org/W3093232475","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3124054989","https://openalex.org/W3161346624","https://openalex.org/W4200610936","https://openalex.org/W4205166102","https://openalex.org/W4210729356","https://openalex.org/W4281487277","https://openalex.org/W4283826580","https://openalex.org/W4291278543","https://openalex.org/W4311414773","https://openalex.org/W4312465353","https://openalex.org/W4360602654","https://openalex.org/W6617597859","https://openalex.org/W6632670727","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6638632666","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6677284026","https://openalex.org/W6677580257","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6787972765","https://openalex.org/W6838965156"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2355913164","https://openalex.org/W4205986151","https://openalex.org/W2168968280","https://openalex.org/W2116055069","https://openalex.org/W4323520705","https://openalex.org/W4287865932","https://openalex.org/W2356663679","https://openalex.org/W2169777806","https://openalex.org/W3007082718","https://openalex.org/W3027190010"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,80],"ability":[1],"to":[2,29,71,138],"recognize":[3],"facial":[4,36,42,59,76,104,111,133,197],"expressions":[5,43,112],"using":[6,88,152],"computer":[7],"vision":[8],"is":[9,26,39,121],"a":[10,66,91,97],"crucial":[11],"task,":[12],"with":[13],"numerous":[14,52],"potential":[15],"applications.":[16],"Although":[17],"deep":[18,99,141],"neural":[19,100],"networks":[20],"have":[21,44],"achieved":[22],"high":[23],"performance,":[24],"it":[25],"still":[27],"difficult":[28],"use":[30],"them":[31],"in":[32,56,83],"the":[33,57,73,117,122,126,140,145,147,188],"recognition":[34,78],"of":[35,47,75,125,196],"expressions.":[37,105],"This":[38],"because":[40],"different":[41],"varying":[45],"degrees":[46],"similarities":[48],"among":[49],"themselves,":[50],"and":[51,90,130,156,158,162,165,180],"variations":[53],"cause":[54],"diversity":[55],"same":[58],"images.":[60],"In":[61,144],"this":[62],"study,":[63],"we":[64],"propose":[65],"novel":[67],"divide-and-conquer-based":[68],"learning":[69,142],"strategy":[70],"improve":[72],"performance":[74],"expression":[77,134,198],"(FER).":[79],"face":[81],"area":[82],"an":[84],"image":[85],"was":[86,94,150],"detected":[87],"MobileNet,":[89],"ResNet-18":[92,128],"model":[93],"used":[95],"as":[96],"backbone":[98],"network":[101],"for":[102,172,175,178,182],"recognizing":[103],"Thereafter,":[106],"groups":[107,135],"that":[108],"included":[109],"similar":[110,132],"were":[113,136,170,184],"categorized":[114],"by":[115],"analyzing":[116],"confusion":[118],"matrix,":[119],"which":[120,169],"inference":[123],"result":[124],"trained":[127],"model,":[129],"these":[131],"utilized":[137],"re-train":[139],"model.":[143],"experiments,":[146],"proposed":[148,189],"method":[149,190],"evaluated":[151],"two":[153,159],"thermal":[154],"(Tufts":[155],"RWTH)":[157],"RGB":[160],"(RAF":[161],"FER2013)":[163],"datasets,":[164],"higher":[166],"FER":[167],"performances,":[168],"97.75%":[171],"Tufts,":[173],"86.11%":[174],"RWTH,":[176],"90.81%":[177],"RAF,":[179],"77.83%":[181],"FER2013,":[183],"achieved.":[185],"As":[186],"such,":[187],"can":[191],"accurately":[192],"classify":[193],"large":[194],"amounts":[195],"data.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
