{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4383750918","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3294096","title":"Detecting Outliers in Non-IID Data: A Systematic Literature Review","display_name":"Detecting Outliers in Non-IID Data: A Systematic Literature Review","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4383750918","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3294096"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3294096","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3294096","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10177747.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10177747.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091381287","display_name":"Shafaq Siddiqi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0031-9911"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shafaq Siddiqi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science and Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Interactive Systems and Data Science, Graz University of Technology (TU Graz), Graz, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science and Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Interactive Systems and Data Science, Graz University of Technology (TU Graz), Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102954091","display_name":"Faiza Qureshi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5414-286X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133438","display_name":"Habib University","ror":"https://ror.org/030p2g996","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133438"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faiza Qureshi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Dhanani School of Science and Engineering, Habib University, Karachi, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Dhanani School of Science and Engineering, Habib University, Karachi, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133438"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007424948","display_name":"Stefanie Lindstaedt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3039-2255"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefanie Lindstaedt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science and Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Interactive Systems and Data Science, Graz University of Technology (TU Graz), Graz, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science and Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Interactive Systems and Data Science, Graz University of Technology (TU Graz), Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014398832","display_name":"Roman Kern","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0202-6100"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roman Kern","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science and Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Interactive Systems and Data Science, Graz University of Technology (TU Graz), Graz, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science and Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Interactive Systems and Data Science, Graz University of Technology (TU Graz), Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091381287"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.3917,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84763167,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"70333","last_page":"70352"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12761","display_name":"Data Stream Mining Techniques","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.7845343351364136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outlier","display_name":"Outlier","score":0.7721218466758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7473189234733582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorical-variable","display_name":"Categorical variable","score":0.7233378887176514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.6301429271697998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"Categorization","score":0.588274359703064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/independent-and-identically-distributed-random-variables","display_name":"Independent and identically distributed random variables","score":0.5142138004302979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4084758460521698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.382277250289917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.159834623336792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.11526164412498474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-variable","display_name":"Random variable","score":0.07306015491485596}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.7845343351364136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79337645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824","display_name":"Outlier","level":2,"score":0.7721218466758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7473189234733582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5274069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2285707","display_name":"Categorical variable","level":2,"score":0.7233378887176514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.6301429271697998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.588274359703064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141513077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378542","display_name":"Independent and identically distributed random variables","level":3,"score":0.5142138004302979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4084758460521698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.382277250289917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.159834623336792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.11526164412498474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122123141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176623","display_name":"Random variable","level":2,"score":0.07306015491485596}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3294096","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3294096","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10177747.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f15dc215a71548f792728ed0b913a29f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f15dc215a71548f792728ed0b913a29f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 70333-70352 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3294096","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3294096","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10177747.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.5699999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4383750918.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4383750918.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":120,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W122923078","https://openalex.org/W151167705","https://openalex.org/W1834627138","https://openalex.org/W1970814655","https://openalex.org/W1994473607","https://openalex.org/W1995443851","https://openalex.org/W2000219982","https://openalex.org/W2063365570","https://openalex.org/W2099419573","https://openalex.org/W2113207826","https://openalex.org/W2143891888","https://openalex.org/W2162693768","https://openalex.org/W2165190832","https://openalex.org/W2168894761","https://openalex.org/W2212321128","https://openalex.org/W2282861635","https://openalex.org/W2329795475","https://openalex.org/W2414968846","https://openalex.org/W2500517591","https://openalex.org/W2509331938","https://openalex.org/W2547977869","https://openalex.org/W2550010760","https://openalex.org/W2550813854","https://openalex.org/W2584499795","https://openalex.org/W2585508806","https://openalex.org/W2588656427","https://openalex.org/W2620661538","https://openalex.org/W2623067068","https://openalex.org/W2734748247","https://openalex.org/W2740746404","https://openalex.org/W2742797692","https://openalex.org/W2767534812","https://openalex.org/W2783928289","https://openalex.org/W2790057819","https://openalex.org/W2801389497","https://openalex.org/W2806029905","https://openalex.org/W2807992610","https://openalex.org/W2898017895","https://openalex.org/W2901543039","https://openalex.org/W2905191756","https://openalex.org/W2905817484","https://openalex.org/W2906890643","https://openalex.org/W2931917178","https://openalex.org/W2941258581","https://openalex.org/W2954124071","https://openalex.org/W2964556660","https://openalex.org/W2966250737","https://openalex.org/W2970560890","https://openalex.org/W2971167712","https://openalex.org/W2984069668","https://openalex.org/W2985300108","https://openalex.org/W2992110346","https://openalex.org/W2995533985","https://openalex.org/W3003808604","https://openalex.org/W3006360344","https://openalex.org/W3008869798","https://openalex.org/W3010653466","https://openalex.org/W3014463933","https://openalex.org/W3021140295","https://openalex.org/W3023547461","https://openalex.org/W3033161486","https://openalex.org/W3042971244","https://openalex.org/W3048044995","https://openalex.org/W3089028909","https://openalex.org/W3102921301","https://openalex.org/W3104534434","https://openalex.org/W3111435301","https://openalex.org/W3112782471","https://openalex.org/W3112900224","https://openalex.org/W3116401440","https://openalex.org/W3129166376","https://openalex.org/W3133003026","https://openalex.org/W3133932964","https://openalex.org/W3143224015","https://openalex.org/W3159922383","https://openalex.org/W3161902687","https://openalex.org/W3173969732","https://openalex.org/W3181721792","https://openalex.org/W3189333064","https://openalex.org/W3191018027","https://openalex.org/W3192008864","https://openalex.org/W3201346989","https://openalex.org/W3203201894","https://openalex.org/W3210346861","https://openalex.org/W3212463886","https://openalex.org/W4200083982","https://openalex.org/W4206325135","https://openalex.org/W4210457304","https://openalex.org/W4214517288","https://openalex.org/W4220764289","https://openalex.org/W4221001028","https://openalex.org/W4225162650","https://openalex.org/W4238933353","https://openalex.org/W4241492760","https://openalex.org/W4280595067","https://openalex.org/W4281262808","https://openalex.org/W4282813397","https://openalex.org/W4282984446","https://openalex.org/W4285126758","https://openalex.org/W4286579686","https://openalex.org/W4288041258","https://openalex.org/W4289537942","https://openalex.org/W4290875828","https://openalex.org/W4293242646","https://openalex.org/W4296425714","https://openalex.org/W4298009384","https://openalex.org/W4310136308","https://openalex.org/W4312175593","https://openalex.org/W4312266358","https://openalex.org/W4313260171","https://openalex.org/W4318811817","https://openalex.org/W4319299763","https://openalex.org/W4319586469","https://openalex.org/W4366310305","https://openalex.org/W6684456340","https://openalex.org/W6684957177","https://openalex.org/W6739095351","https://openalex.org/W6762941171","https://openalex.org/W6779587728","https://openalex.org/W6784163774"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2165912799","https://openalex.org/W2735662278","https://openalex.org/W2382615723","https://openalex.org/W2499612753","https://openalex.org/W3111802945","https://openalex.org/W2122407924","https://openalex.org/W2946096271","https://openalex.org/W2295423552","https://openalex.org/W1598471830","https://openalex.org/W3107369729"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Outlier":[0],"detection":[1,105,147,188,194,200,223,249],"<sup":[2],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[3],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><i>a</i></sup>":[4],"in":[5,19,36,91,106,148,189,195,201,212,221,251],"non-independent":[6],"and":[7,27,42,59,66,68,76,124,155,181,198,245],"identically":[8,28],"distributed":[9,29],"(non-IID)":[10],"data":[11,74,108,121,128,253],"refers":[12],"to":[13,55,112,165,226,241],"identifying":[14],"unusual":[15],"or":[16],"unexpected":[17],"observations":[18],"datasets":[20,38,210],"that":[21],"do":[22],"not":[23],"follow":[24],"an":[25],"independent":[26],"(IID)":[30],"assumption.":[31],"This":[32,94,114],"presents":[33],"a":[34,82,85,175,206],"challenge":[35],"real-world":[37],"where":[39],"correlations,":[40],"dependencies,":[41],"complex":[43],"structures":[44],"are":[45],"common.":[46],"In":[47,127],"recent":[48,142],"literature,":[49,237],"several":[50],"methods":[51,90,102,143,180],"have":[52],"been":[53],"proposed":[54,144,164],"address":[56],"this":[57,97,238],"issue":[58],"each":[60],"method":[61],"has":[62],"its":[63],"own":[64],"strengths":[65],"limitations,":[67],"the":[69,73,92,132,141,161,167,183,213,235,243],"selection":[70],"depends":[71],"on":[72,117,229],"characteristics":[75],"application":[77,184],"requirements.":[78],"However,":[79],"there":[80],"is":[81],"lack":[83],"of":[84,88,135,169,186,209,247],"comprehensive":[86,207],"categorization":[87],"these":[89,170,179],"literature.":[93,215],"study":[95,115,239],"addresses":[96],"gap":[98],"by":[99],"systematically":[100],"reviewing":[101],"for":[103,145,177,224],"outlier":[104,146,187,193,199,222,248],"non-IID":[107,136,149,190,225,252],"published":[109],"from":[110],"2015":[111],"2023.":[113],"focuses":[116],"three":[118],"major":[119],"aspects;":[120],"characteristics,":[122,129],"methods,":[123],"evaluation":[125,162],"measures.":[126],"we":[130,139,159,173,217],"discuss":[131,160,218],"differentiating":[133],"properties":[134],"data.":[137],"Then":[138],"review":[140],"data,":[150,192],"covering":[151],"their":[152],"theoretical":[153],"foundations":[154],"algorithmic":[156],"approaches.":[157],"Finally,":[158],"metrics":[163],"measure":[166],"performance":[168],"methods.":[171],"Additionally,":[172],"present":[174],"taxonomy":[176],"organizing":[178],"highlight":[182],"domain":[185],"categorical":[191],"federated":[196],"learning,":[197],"attribute":[202],"graphs.":[203],"We":[204],"provide":[205],"overview":[208],"used":[211],"selected":[214],"Moreover,":[216],"open":[219],"challenges":[220],"shed":[227],"light":[228],"future":[230],"research":[231],"directions.":[232],"By":[233],"synthesizing":[234],"existing":[236],"contributes":[240],"advancing":[242],"understanding":[244],"development":[246],"techniques":[250],"settings.":[254]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}