{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4382751995","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3291072","title":"BREE-HD: A Transformer-Based Model to Identify Threats on Twitter","display_name":"BREE-HD: A Transformer-Based Model to Identify Threats on Twitter","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4382751995","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3291072"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3291072","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3291072","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10168907.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10168907.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092371752","display_name":"Sinchana Kumbale","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8989-1769"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sinchana Kumbale","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8989-1769","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101997678","display_name":"Smriti Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6479-3308"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["IN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Smriti Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","Department of Information and Communication Technology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6479-3308","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication Technology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039138600","display_name":"G Poornalatha","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Poornalatha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communication Technology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication Technology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055606135","display_name":"Sanjay Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7212-5919"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["IN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanjay Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","Department of Information and Communication Technology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7212-5919","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication Technology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.5082,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91139944,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"67180","last_page":"67190"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10994","display_name":"Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.9840999841690063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harm","display_name":"Harm","score":0.782549262046814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harassment","display_name":"Harassment","score":0.72491455078125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6027603149414062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.5955263376235962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.49199363589286804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.44864141941070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.43012818694114685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.4034126102924347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3261966109275818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.23461449146270752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.1846941113471985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.1756410300731659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.17158380150794983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09723290801048279}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777363581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15098235","display_name":"Harm","level":2,"score":0.782549262046814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778976716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3240539","display_name":"Harassment","level":2,"score":0.72491455078125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6027603149414062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.5955263376235962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.49199363589286804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.44864141941070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.43012818694114685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4034126102924347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3261966109275818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.23461449146270752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.1846941113471985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.1756410300731659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.17158380150794983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09723290801048279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3291072","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3291072","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10168907.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:83e77dd9f0c741a1a1b924e63de503df","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/83e77dd9f0c741a1a1b924e63de503df","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 67180-67190 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3291072","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3291072","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10168907.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.7200000286102295}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4382751995.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4382751995.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2012443111","https://openalex.org/W2043462092","https://openalex.org/W2473555522","https://openalex.org/W2473938651","https://openalex.org/W2516809705","https://openalex.org/W2595653137","https://openalex.org/W2740168486","https://openalex.org/W2801267439","https://openalex.org/W2805705517","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2934974254","https://openalex.org/W2941193813","https://openalex.org/W2946206115","https://openalex.org/W2950681488","https://openalex.org/W2962862931","https://openalex.org/W2963790884","https://openalex.org/W2963943967","https://openalex.org/W2966244612","https://openalex.org/W2973172881","https://openalex.org/W2985082871","https://openalex.org/W3003372850","https://openalex.org/W3011385529","https://openalex.org/W3011962836","https://openalex.org/W3014064185","https://openalex.org/W3041121541","https://openalex.org/W3043016104","https://openalex.org/W3085975571","https://openalex.org/W3091678700","https://openalex.org/W3093198074","https://openalex.org/W3094479746","https://openalex.org/W3098252703","https://openalex.org/W3101574506","https://openalex.org/W3105113320","https://openalex.org/W3111222606","https://openalex.org/W3115583269","https://openalex.org/W3115915868","https://openalex.org/W3126453372","https://openalex.org/W3130644246","https://openalex.org/W3130753965","https://openalex.org/W3133499716","https://openalex.org/W3133958853","https://openalex.org/W3134487808","https://openalex.org/W4224947996","https://openalex.org/W4235053314","https://openalex.org/W4287632492","https://openalex.org/W4289523473","https://openalex.org/W4297805866","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6737947904","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6752229960","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6761079396","https://openalex.org/W6776302503","https://openalex.org/W6780546271","https://openalex.org/W6785115105","https://openalex.org/W6787328908","https://openalex.org/W6791399842","https://openalex.org/W6791514898"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2530773950","https://openalex.org/W2134970749","https://openalex.org/W4388386873","https://openalex.org/W4250048047","https://openalex.org/W2042870779","https://openalex.org/W2059786516","https://openalex.org/W2502903008","https://openalex.org/W2766055629","https://openalex.org/W4293140739"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,94],"world":[2],"transitioning":[3],"to":[4,51,69,98,121,155],"an":[5,87,132],"online":[6,16],"reality":[7],"and":[8,18,35,46,72],"a":[9,44,48,67,76,102,123,142,145],"surge":[10],"in":[11,158],"social":[12],"media":[13],"users,":[14],"detecting":[15],"harassment":[17],"threats":[19,55,74,100,150],"has":[20],"become":[21],"more":[22],"pressing":[23],"than":[24],"ever.":[25],"Gendered":[26],"cyber-hate":[27],"causes":[28],"women":[29],"significant":[30],"social,":[31],"psychological,":[32],"reputational,":[33],"economic,":[34],"political":[36],"harm.":[37],"To":[38,107],"tackle":[39],"this":[40],"problem,":[41],"we":[42,96,115],"develop":[43],"dataset":[45,95],"propose":[47],"transformer-based":[49],"model":[50,68],"classify":[52,156],"tweets":[53],"into":[54,110],"or":[56,62],"non-threats":[57],"that":[58,147],"are":[59],"either":[60],"sexist":[61,71],"non-sexist.":[63],"We":[64],"have":[65],"developed":[66,97],"identify":[70],"non-sexist":[73,80],"from":[75,101],"collection":[77,103],"of":[78,89,104,127,134,144],"sexist,":[79],"tweets.":[81,106],"BREE-HD":[82,112,137],"performs":[83],"extraordinarily":[84],"well":[85],"with":[86],"accuracy":[88],"97%":[90],"when":[91],"trained":[92],"on":[93],"detect":[99,149],"derogatory":[105],"provide":[108,122],"insight":[109],"how":[111],"makes":[113],"classifications,":[114],"apply":[116],"explainable":[117],"A.I.":[118],"(XAI)":[119],"concepts":[120],"detailed":[124],"qualitative":[125],"analysis":[126],"our":[128,135],"proposed":[129],"methodology.":[130],"As":[131],"extension":[133],"work,":[136],"could":[138,148],"be":[139],"used":[140],"as":[141],"part":[143],"system":[146],"targeting":[151],"people":[152],"specifically":[153],"tailored":[154],"them":[157],"real-time":[159],"adequately.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-07-21T08:15:58.654021","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
