{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4382203156","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3289839","title":"Pressure Ulcer Categorization and Reporting in Domiciliary Settings Using Deep Learning and Mobile Devices: A Clinical Trial to Evaluate End-to-End Performance","display_name":"Pressure Ulcer Categorization and Reporting in Domiciliary Settings Using Deep Learning and Mobile Devices: A Clinical Trial to Evaluate End-to-End Performance","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4382203156","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3289839"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3289839","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3289839","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10164095.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10164095.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015808667","display_name":"Paul Fergus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7070-4447"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63098007","display_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zfme737","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Fergus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, U.K","Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7070-4447","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019193550","display_name":"Carl Chalmers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0822-1150"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130986","display_name":"Mersey Care NHS Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/03vtyzs10","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130986"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carl Chalmers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mersey Care NHS Foundation Trust, Prescot, U.K","Mersey Care NHS Foundation Trust, V7 Building, Prescot, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0822-1150","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mersey Care NHS Foundation Trust, Prescot, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130986"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mersey Care NHS Foundation Trust, V7 Building, Prescot, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130986"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111792962","display_name":"William G. Henderson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130986","display_name":"Mersey Care NHS Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/03vtyzs10","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130986"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William Henderson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mersey Care NHS Foundation Trust, Prescot, U.K","Mersey Care NHS Foundation Trust, V7 Building, Prescot, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mersey Care NHS Foundation Trust, Prescot, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130986"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mersey Care NHS Foundation Trust, V7 Building, Prescot, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130986"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009721363","display_name":"Danny Roberts","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130986","display_name":"Mersey Care NHS Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/03vtyzs10","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130986"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danny Roberts","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mersey Care NHS Foundation Trust, Prescot, U.K","Mersey Care NHS Foundation Trust, V7 Building, Prescot, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mersey Care NHS Foundation Trust, Prescot, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130986"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mersey Care NHS Foundation Trust, V7 Building, Prescot, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130986"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011292182","display_name":"Atif Waraich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1370-5993"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130986","display_name":"Mersey Care NHS Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/03vtyzs10","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130986"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Atif Waraich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mersey Care NHS Foundation Trust, Prescot, U.K","Mersey Care NHS Foundation Trust, V7 Building, Prescot, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mersey Care NHS Foundation Trust, Prescot, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130986"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mersey Care NHS Foundation Trust, V7 Building, Prescot, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130986"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":11.2116,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98519646,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"65138","last_page":"65152"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11670","display_name":"Pressure Ulcer Prevention and Management","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3609","display_name":"Occupational Therapy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11670","display_name":"Pressure Ulcer Prevention and Management","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3609","display_name":"Occupational Therapy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10990","display_name":"Infection Control and Ventilation","score":0.9764999747276306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11861","display_name":"Thermal Regulation in Medicine","score":0.9340999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2706","display_name":"Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"Categorization","score":0.7940967679023743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6464497447013855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/end-to-end-principle","display_name":"End-to-end principle","score":0.5446391701698303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4288453161716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.37897902727127075}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.7940967679023743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6464497447013855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74296488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2527392","display_name":"End-to-end principle","level":2,"score":0.5446391701698303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4288453161716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37897902727127075}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3289839","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3289839","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10164095.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk:20043","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7070-4447","pdf_url":"https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/20043/1/Pressure_Ulcer_Categorization_and_Reporting_in_Domiciliary_Settings_Using_Deep_Learning_and_Mobile_Devices_A_Clinical_Trial_to_Evaluate_End-to-End_Performance.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401246","display_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63098007","host_organization_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:705f09115bc54736bb28e1214cba796a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/705f09115bc54736bb28e1214cba796a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 65138-65152 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3289839","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3289839","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10164095.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319990","display_name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0187kwz08"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4382203156.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4382203156.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":72,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1864693642","https://openalex.org/W1928900943","https://openalex.org/W1997922978","https://openalex.org/W2001291669","https://openalex.org/W2005799640","https://openalex.org/W2049617691","https://openalex.org/W2063322696","https://openalex.org/W2069816479","https://openalex.org/W2098670130","https://openalex.org/W2104095591","https://openalex.org/W2108537976","https://openalex.org/W2113543042","https://openalex.org/W2118023920","https://openalex.org/W2118386984","https://openalex.org/W2121354206","https://openalex.org/W2121947440","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2151096925","https://openalex.org/W2178876274","https://openalex.org/W2188811641","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2232019977","https://openalex.org/W2293652202","https://openalex.org/W2395579298","https://openalex.org/W2511626855","https://openalex.org/W2577387418","https://openalex.org/W2753684960","https://openalex.org/W2754210552","https://openalex.org/W2758967548","https://openalex.org/W2772361236","https://openalex.org/W2772727698","https://openalex.org/W2789325239","https://openalex.org/W2806928165","https://openalex.org/W2884547731","https://openalex.org/W2892997981","https://openalex.org/W2912480902","https://openalex.org/W2944111886","https://openalex.org/W2953082339","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2964118901","https://openalex.org/W2980189697","https://openalex.org/W2995790441","https://openalex.org/W3005009412","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3108163740","https://openalex.org/W3118891284","https://openalex.org/W4213219238","https://openalex.org/W4220910889","https://openalex.org/W4221085494","https://openalex.org/W4225383527","https://openalex.org/W4288391511","https://openalex.org/W4289950758","https://openalex.org/W4297808460","https://openalex.org/W4313472003","https://openalex.org/W4316467238","https://openalex.org/W4318938311","https://openalex.org/W4319460321","https://openalex.org/W4322775461","https://openalex.org/W4324095604","https://openalex.org/W4362519776","https://openalex.org/W4367189201","https://openalex.org/W4394643672","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6637242042","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6687401059","https://openalex.org/W6747759466"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Pressure":[0],"ulcers":[1,14,131,183,202,217,280,289],"are":[2,83,204,328],"a":[3,41,58,119,137,154,169,239,291,302,313,346],"challenge":[4],"for":[5,228,243,277],"patients":[6],"and":[7,35,50,71,75,81,89,95,117,142,175,180,193,200,218,266,286,321,330],"healthcare":[8,100,106,144],"professionals.":[9],"In":[10,146],"the":[11,23,151,166,257,267,275,310,326],"UK,":[12],"pressure":[13,68,115,125,130,182,195,201,216,244,279,288,318],"affect":[15],"700,000":[16],"people":[17],"each":[18],"year.":[19],"Treating":[20],"them":[21,220,283],"costs":[22],"National":[24],"Health":[25],"Service":[26],"\u00a33.8":[27],"million":[28],"every":[29],"day.":[30],"Their":[31],"etiology":[32],"is":[33,103,301],"complex":[34],"multifactorial.":[36],"However,":[37],"evidence":[38],"has":[39],"shown":[40],"strong":[42],"link":[43],"between":[44],"old":[45],"age,":[46],"disease-related":[47],"sedentary":[48],"lifestyles,":[49],"unhealthy":[51],"eating":[52],"habits.":[53],"Direct":[54],"skin":[55],"contact":[56],"with":[57,114,352],"bed":[59],"or":[60],"chair":[61],"without":[62],"frequent":[63],"position":[64,80],"changes":[65],"can":[66,132],"cause":[67],"ulcers.":[69],"Urinary":[70],"faecal":[72],"incontinence,":[73],"diabetes,":[74],"injuries":[76],"that":[77,164,178,203,247,299,332],"restrict":[78],"body":[79],"nutrition":[82],"also":[84],"known":[85],"risk":[86],"factors.":[87],"Guidelines":[88],"treatments":[90],"exist":[91,273],"but":[92,309],"their":[93,209],"implementation":[94],"success":[96],"vary":[97],"across":[98],"different":[99],"settings.":[101,253],"This":[102],"primarily":[104],"because":[105],"practitioners":[107],"have":[108],"a)":[109],"minimal":[110],"experience":[111],"in":[112,249,274],"dealing":[113],"ulcers,":[116,196],"b)":[118],"general":[120],"lack":[121],"of":[122,124,140,153,168,215,256,282,305],"understanding":[123],"ulcer":[126,245,319],"treatments.":[127],"Poorly":[128],"managed,":[129],"lead":[133],"to":[134,212,224,237,307,316,344],"severe":[135],"pain,":[136],"poor":[138],"quality":[139],"life,":[141],"significant":[143],"costs.":[145],"this":[147],"paper,":[148],"we":[149],"report":[150,287],"findings":[152],"clinical":[155],"trial":[156],"conducted":[157],"by":[158],"Mersey":[159],"Care":[160],"NHS":[161,276],"Foundation":[162],"Trust":[163],"evaluated":[165],"performance":[167],"faster":[170],"region-based":[171],"convolutional":[172],"neural":[173,186],"network":[174,187],"mobile":[176,210],"platform":[177],"categorised":[179],"documented":[181],"automatically.":[184,296],"The":[185,230,254,323],"classifies":[188],"category":[189],"I,":[190],"II,":[191],"III,":[192],"IV":[194],"deep":[197,234],"tissue":[198],"injuries,":[199],"unstageable.":[205],"District":[206],"nurses":[207],"used":[208],"phones":[211],"take":[213],"pictures":[214],"transmit":[219],"over":[221,337],"4/5G":[222],"communications":[223],"an":[225,338,357],"inferencing":[226],"server":[227],"classification.":[229],"approach":[231,258,311],"uses":[232],"existing":[233],"learning":[235],"technologies":[236],"provide":[238],"novel":[240],"end-to-end":[241],"pipeline":[242],"categorisation":[246,320],"works":[248],"ad":[250],"hoc":[251],"domiciliary":[252],"strength":[255],"resides":[259],"within":[260],"MLOPS,":[261],"model":[262],"deployment":[263],"at":[264],"scale,":[265],"platforms":[268],"in-situ":[269],"operation.":[270],"While":[271],"solutions":[272],"analysing":[278],"none":[281],"automatically":[284],"classify":[285],"from":[290,325],"service":[292],"users\u2019":[293],"residential":[294],"home":[295],"We":[297],"acknowledge":[298],"there":[300],"great":[303],"deal":[304],"work":[306],"do,":[308],"offers":[312],"convincing":[314],"solution":[315],"standardise":[317],"reporting.":[322],"results":[324],"study":[327],"encouraging":[329],"show":[331],"using":[333,356],"216":[334],"images,":[335],"collected":[336],"eight-month":[339],"trial,":[340],"it":[341],"was":[342],"possible":[343],"generate":[345],"mean":[347],"average":[348],"Precision=0.6796,":[349],"Recall=0.6997,":[350],"F1-Score=0.6786":[351],"45":[353],"false":[354],"positives":[355],"@.75":[358],"confidence":[359],"score":[360],"threshold.":[361]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T17:40:00.097472","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
