{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4382138536","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3289715","title":"Arabic Sentiment Analysis and Sarcasm Detection Using Probabilistic Projections-Based Variational Switch Transformer","display_name":"Arabic Sentiment Analysis and Sarcasm Detection Using Probabilistic Projections-Based Variational Switch Transformer","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4382138536","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3289715"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3289715","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3289715","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10163795.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10163795.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071271357","display_name":"Syed Muhammad Ahmed Hassan Shah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2942-7302"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Muhammad Ahmed Hassan Shah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock Campus, Attock, Pakistan","Medical Imaging and Diagnostics Laboratory (MIDL), National Center of Artificial Intelligence (NCAI), COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","Department of Computer Science, COMSATS university Islamabad Attock campus, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2942-7302","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock Campus, Attock, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Imaging and Diagnostics Laboratory (MIDL), National Center of Artificial Intelligence (NCAI), COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS university Islamabad Attock campus, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103119646","display_name":"Syed Faizan Hussain Shah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3017-9669"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Syed Faizan Hussain Shah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock Campus, Attock, Pakistan","Medical Imaging and Diagnostics Laboratory (MIDL), National Center of Artificial Intelligence (NCAI), COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3017-9669","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock Campus, Attock, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Imaging and Diagnostics Laboratory (MIDL), National Center of Artificial Intelligence (NCAI), COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100603232","display_name":"Asad Ullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0315-5951"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asad Ullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock Campus, Attock, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0315-5951","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock Campus, Attock, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027095726","display_name":"Atif Rizwan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6669-8147"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83202590","display_name":"Jeju National University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hnb4n85","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83202590"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Atif Rizwan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6669-8147","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83202590"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068165294","display_name":"Ghada Atteia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5462-595X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106778892","display_name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghada Atteia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5462-595X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055565936","display_name":"Maali Alabdulhafith","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106778892","display_name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maali Alabdulhafith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.5353,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94099109,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"67865","last_page":"67881"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6865952014923096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.615958571434021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6022130250930786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sarcasm","display_name":"Sarcasm","score":0.5992815494537354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentiment-analysis","display_name":"Sentiment analysis","score":0.5732582807540894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5700106620788574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5258753299713135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.45016252994537354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3402177691459656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/irony","display_name":"Irony","score":0.2358975112438202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.13096758723258972}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6865952014923096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.615958571434021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6022130250930786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776207355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191035","display_name":"Sarcasm","level":3,"score":0.5992815494537354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66402592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271421","display_name":"Sentiment analysis","level":2,"score":0.5732582807540894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5700106620788574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5258753299713135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.45016252994537354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3402177691459656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779975665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131361","display_name":"Irony","level":2,"score":0.2358975112438202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.13096758723258972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3289715","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3289715","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10163795.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b484c968811b46ae9b4e8828fc1afe9d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b484c968811b46ae9b4e8828fc1afe9d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 67865-67881 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3289715","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3289715","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10163795.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8299999833106995}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5757774417","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PNURSP2023R407","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322484","funder_display_name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322484","display_name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4382138536.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4382138536.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":97,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W19325706","https://openalex.org/W2091374137","https://openalex.org/W2099653665","https://openalex.org/W2103195385","https://openalex.org/W2124752409","https://openalex.org/W2127613773","https://openalex.org/W2162357159","https://openalex.org/W2250204095","https://openalex.org/W2250480277","https://openalex.org/W2250594687","https://openalex.org/W2250710744","https://openalex.org/W2251867433","https://openalex.org/W2252381721","https://openalex.org/W2401379394","https://openalex.org/W2464521204","https://openalex.org/W2507475467","https://openalex.org/W2513138008","https://openalex.org/W2513973860","https://openalex.org/W2594188249","https://openalex.org/W2607623312","https://openalex.org/W2726091402","https://openalex.org/W2767481019","https://openalex.org/W2767566483","https://openalex.org/W2782025168","https://openalex.org/W2782865993","https://openalex.org/W2786781024","https://openalex.org/W2807333695","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2900897701","https://openalex.org/W2937423263","https://openalex.org/W2951278869","https://openalex.org/W2964323432","https://openalex.org/W2964573145","https://openalex.org/W2965373594","https://openalex.org/W2977752818","https://openalex.org/W2980708516","https://openalex.org/W2988030942","https://openalex.org/W2996428491","https://openalex.org/W3035390927","https://openalex.org/W3088728183","https://openalex.org/W3094431412","https://openalex.org/W3103646405","https://openalex.org/W3105625590","https://openalex.org/W3111125993","https://openalex.org/W3111704875","https://openalex.org/W3119989665","https://openalex.org/W3128465392","https://openalex.org/W3152501891","https://openalex.org/W3153540814","https://openalex.org/W3153742268","https://openalex.org/W3153999212","https://openalex.org/W3154166606","https://openalex.org/W3155561744","https://openalex.org/W3172037133","https://openalex.org/W3201695897","https://openalex.org/W3202898586","https://openalex.org/W3212512426","https://openalex.org/W4205241162","https://openalex.org/W4206593922","https://openalex.org/W4206941769","https://openalex.org/W4210336044","https://openalex.org/W4210947478","https://openalex.org/W4220916830","https://openalex.org/W4225983458","https://openalex.org/W4226418765","https://openalex.org/W4280508117","https://openalex.org/W4287391717","https://openalex.org/W4296004246","https://openalex.org/W4300167661","https://openalex.org/W4300668032","https://openalex.org/W4302543918","https://openalex.org/W4316015371","https://openalex.org/W4324325927","https://openalex.org/W4385572938","https://openalex.org/W4385573029","https://openalex.org/W6600777406","https://openalex.org/W6683621887","https://openalex.org/W6691288977","https://openalex.org/W6691436989","https://openalex.org/W6691617650","https://openalex.org/W6726719933","https://openalex.org/W6736547018","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6763745640","https://openalex.org/W6766673545","https://openalex.org/W6768021236","https://openalex.org/W6769263558","https://openalex.org/W6786575428","https://openalex.org/W6788811087","https://openalex.org/W6793699774","https://openalex.org/W6793723455","https://openalex.org/W6793974845","https://openalex.org/W6794256899","https://openalex.org/W6796417832","https://openalex.org/W6797477589","https://openalex.org/W6800657989","https://openalex.org/W6848708078"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2900446122","https://openalex.org/W4312684429","https://openalex.org/W3037315328","https://openalex.org/W3101138303","https://openalex.org/W2349372848","https://openalex.org/W2753593955","https://openalex.org/W2907442881","https://openalex.org/W3018705632","https://openalex.org/W4311456904","https://openalex.org/W3046053481"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Text":[0],"classification":[1],"is":[2,14,177],"a":[3,22,75,116,131,168,178,206,219,237,241],"common":[4],"task":[5],"in":[6,32,88,142,145,154,282,295,302],"natural":[7],"language":[8,262],"processing":[9],"(NLP),":[10],"where":[11,174],"the":[12,123,138,143,148,155,189,203,215,246,249,256,272,283,289],"objective":[13],"to":[15,21,59,66,121,147,191,196,213,265],"assign":[16],"predefined":[17],"categories":[18],"or":[19,54],"labels":[20],"given":[23,220],"text.":[24],"Detecting":[25],"sarcasm":[26,46,82,297],"and":[27,30,42,47,83,86,104,180,232,268,298,305],"classifying":[28,84,303],"sentiment":[29,43,85,304],"dialect":[31,87],"NLP":[33,63],"has":[34],"practical":[35],"applications,":[36],"including":[37],"spam":[38],"detection,":[39],"topic":[40],"classification,":[41],"analysis.":[44],"However,":[45],"sentimental":[48],"expressions,":[49],"such":[50],"as":[51,236],"irony,":[52],"humor,":[53],"criticism,":[55],"can":[56],"be":[57],"difficult":[58],"identify":[60],"through":[61],"traditional":[62],"methods":[64],"due":[65],"their":[67],"implicit":[68],"nature.":[69],"To":[70],"address":[71],"this,":[72],"we":[73,160,228],"propose":[74],"Modified":[76,250],"Switch":[77,251],"Transformer":[78,252],"(MST)":[79,253],"for":[80,218],"detecting":[81,296],"Arabic":[89,261],"text":[90],"data.":[91],"Our":[92,243],"approach":[93],"includes":[94,260],"two":[95],"key":[96],"contributions:":[97],"Variational":[98,117,162,172,230],"Enmesh":[99,163],"Expert\u2019s":[100,164],"Routing":[101],"(V":[102],"EeR)":[103],"Probabilistic":[105],"Projections":[106],"(P\u03d5).":[107],"The":[108,285],"switch":[109,157,290],"transformer":[110,291],"model":[111,233,254,277],"incorporates":[112],"probabilistic":[113],"projections":[114],"using":[115,205],"Spatial":[118],"Gated":[119],"Unit-MLP":[120],"enhance":[122],"embedding":[124,150],"generation":[125,151],"mechanism.":[126],"This":[127],"updated":[128],"mechanism":[129],"introduces":[130],"variational":[132],"aspect,":[133],"providing":[134],"dynamic":[135],"control":[136],"over":[137],"flow":[139],"of":[140,171,208,223,248,274],"information":[141],"network,":[144],"contrast":[146],"simpler":[149],"phase":[152],"used":[153],"original":[156],"transformer.":[158],"Moreover,":[159],"incorporate":[161],"Routing,":[165],"which":[166,194,259],"utilizes":[167],"hierarchical":[169],"set":[170,207],"experts,":[173],"each":[175,199,234],"expert":[176],"small":[179],"variational-directed":[181],"acyclic":[182],"graph":[183],"network.":[184],"TheV":[185],"EeRrouting":[186],"technique":[187],"allows":[188],"network":[190],"dynamically":[192],"choose":[193],"path":[195],"take":[197],"at":[198],"layer":[200],"based":[201],"on":[202,255],"input,":[204],"weights":[209],"learned":[210],"during":[211],"training":[212],"determine":[214],"best":[216],"route":[217,225,235],"input.":[221],"Instead":[222],"optimizing":[224],"paths":[226],"deterministically,":[227],"utilize":[229],"Inference":[231],"random":[238],"variable":[239],"from":[240],"distribution.":[242],"study":[244],"evaluates":[245],"effectiveness":[247],"ArSarcasm":[257],"Dataset,":[258],"data":[263],"related":[264],"sarcasm,":[266],"dialect,":[267],"sentiments.":[269],"We":[270],"compare":[271],"performance":[273],"our":[275],"proposed":[276],"with":[278],"existing":[279],"state-of-the-art":[280],"models":[281,294],"literature.":[284],"results":[286],"show":[287],"that":[288],"outperforms":[292],"other":[293],"also":[299],"performs":[300],"well":[301],"dialect.":[306]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}