{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4380356970","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3285480","title":"Optimal Operation of Microgrids With Worst-Case Renewable Energy Outage: A Mixed-Integer Bi-Level Model","display_name":"Optimal Operation of Microgrids With Worst-Case Renewable Energy Outage: A Mixed-Integer Bi-Level Model","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4380356970","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3285480"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3285480","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3285480","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10148982.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10148982.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098111057","display_name":"Saeid Shakerinia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093808","display_name":"Islamic Azad University, Shahrood","ror":"https://ror.org/00j1sp553","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433","https://openalex.org/I4210093808"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saeid Shakerinia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran","Department of Electrical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood Branch, Shahrood, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093808"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood Branch, Shahrood, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093808"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Abbas Fattahi Meyabadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0959-2149"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107186","display_name":"Hamedan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01hgb6e08","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107186"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abbas Fattahi Meyabadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Hamedan University of Technology, Hamedan, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0959-2149","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Hamedan University of Technology, Hamedan, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107186"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064405131","display_name":"Mojtaba Vahedi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7302-7296"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093808","display_name":"Islamic Azad University, Shahrood","ror":"https://ror.org/00j1sp553","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433","https://openalex.org/I4210093808"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mojtaba Vahedi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran","Department of Electrical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood Branch, Shahrood, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7302-7296","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093808"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood Branch, Shahrood, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093808"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077094029","display_name":"Nasrin Salehi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093808","display_name":"Islamic Azad University, Shahrood","ror":"https://ror.org/00j1sp553","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433","https://openalex.org/I4210093808"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nasrin Salehi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Basic Sciences, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran","Department of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood Branch, Shahrood, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Basic Sciences, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093808"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood Branch, Shahrood, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093808"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071792791","display_name":"Mahmoud Samiei Moghaddam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1337-7056"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159640","display_name":"Islamic Azad University, Damghan Branch","ror":"https://ror.org/05a2cfm07","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433","https://openalex.org/I4210159640"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahmoud Samiei Moghaddam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran","Department of Electrical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Damghan Branch, Damghan, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1337-7056","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159640"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Damghan Branch, Damghan, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159640"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.4093,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88613478,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"59804","last_page":"59815"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microgrid","display_name":"Microgrid","score":0.7948249578475952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.7827419638633728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6584543585777283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.6434207558631897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solver","display_name":"Solver","score":0.5561754703521729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demand-response","display_name":"Demand response","score":0.49854612350463867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integer-programming","display_name":"Integer programming","score":0.49621063470840454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaic-system","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","score":0.49589523673057556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-storage","display_name":"Energy storage","score":0.4327091574668884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximization","display_name":"Maximization","score":0.4315713346004486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-resource","display_name":"Renewable resource","score":0.4214862585067749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.2966850996017456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16556254029273987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.12849381566047668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12595820426940918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.11792483925819397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.08996701240539551}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776784348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5762595","display_name":"Microgrid","level":3,"score":0.7948249578475952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.7827419638633728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6584543585777283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.6434207558631897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778770139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1966904","display_name":"Solver","level":2,"score":0.5561754703521729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779438525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5255048","display_name":"Demand response","level":3,"score":0.49854612350463867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56086750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6042592","display_name":"Integer programming","level":2,"score":0.49621063470840454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.49589523673057556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73916439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837718","display_name":"Energy storage","level":3,"score":0.4327091574668884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776330181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18358244","display_name":"Maximization","level":2,"score":0.4315713346004486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143517461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138571","display_name":"Renewable resource","level":3,"score":0.4214862585067749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.2966850996017456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16556254029273987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.12849381566047668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12595820426940918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.11792483925819397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.08996701240539551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3285480","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3285480","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10148982.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cdd38d9a605246918ccaafbcfbf484d4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cdd38d9a605246918ccaafbcfbf484d4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 59804-59815 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3285480","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3285480","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10148982.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.6600000262260437,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4380356970.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4380356970.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2089953380","https://openalex.org/W2475218214","https://openalex.org/W2888490283","https://openalex.org/W2913293078","https://openalex.org/W3025397688","https://openalex.org/W3045608254","https://openalex.org/W3106669002","https://openalex.org/W3117891735","https://openalex.org/W3119386887","https://openalex.org/W3126033009","https://openalex.org/W3129036197","https://openalex.org/W3135311713","https://openalex.org/W3155457324","https://openalex.org/W3163947153","https://openalex.org/W3202446717","https://openalex.org/W3202689267","https://openalex.org/W3207078867","https://openalex.org/W3217521061","https://openalex.org/W4205314414","https://openalex.org/W4210393216","https://openalex.org/W4210476130","https://openalex.org/W4212894573","https://openalex.org/W4284879657","https://openalex.org/W4285292593","https://openalex.org/W4285308046","https://openalex.org/W4290711364","https://openalex.org/W4294167445","https://openalex.org/W4296179059","https://openalex.org/W4296339017","https://openalex.org/W4309701246","https://openalex.org/W4312050612","https://openalex.org/W4313826711","https://openalex.org/W4322604127","https://openalex.org/W4322737987"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1574359403","https://openalex.org/W2057975886","https://openalex.org/W4308700935","https://openalex.org/W4210780382","https://openalex.org/W2356033827","https://openalex.org/W2391138633","https://openalex.org/W2907234787","https://openalex.org/W4285503559","https://openalex.org/W4206134051","https://openalex.org/W4383747562"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,22,47,65,99,108,124,144,151],"increasing":[2],"penetration":[3],"of":[4,25,50,56,67,86,101,111],"renewable":[5,57,102,112,177],"energy":[6,58,68,91,103],"resources,":[7],"such":[8],"as":[9,79,81],"wind":[10],"and":[11,70,84,90,117,139,148],"photovoltaic":[12],"(PV)":[13],"production,":[14],"in":[15,73,133,143],"future":[16],"microgrids,":[17],"challenges":[18],"arise":[19],"due":[20],"to":[21,105,122,166],"potential":[23],"interruption":[24],"these":[26],"resources":[27],"caused":[28],"by":[29],"changing":[30],"weather":[31],"conditions.":[32],"In":[33],"this":[34],"paper,":[35],"we":[36],"propose":[37],"a":[38,74,160],"mixed-integer":[39],"quadratic":[40],"programming":[41,146],"(MIQP)":[42],"based":[43],"bi-level":[44,126],"model":[45,138,156],"for":[46,107],"optimal":[48,82,171],"operation":[49,173],"microgrids":[51],"under":[52,163,175],"worst-case":[53,109,176],"(WC)":[54],"scenarios":[55],"resource":[59,113,178],"outages.":[60,114],"The":[61,95,136,155],"upper-level":[62],"problem":[63,97],"formulates":[64],"minimization":[66],"loss":[69],"load":[71],"shedding":[72],"demand-side":[75],"management":[76],"(DSM)":[77],"program,":[78],"well":[80],"charging":[83],"discharging":[85],"electric":[87],"vehicles":[88],"(EVs)":[89],"storage":[92],"systems":[93],"(ESSs).":[94],"lower-level":[96],"models":[98],"maximization":[100],"curtailment":[104],"account":[106],"realization":[110],"A":[115],"decomposition":[116],"re-formulation":[118],"method":[119],"is":[120,157],"adopted":[121],"solve":[123],"proposed":[125,137],"optimization":[127],"model,":[128],"which":[129],"includes":[130],"binary":[131],"variables":[132],"both":[134],"levels.":[135],"algorithm":[140],"are":[141],"implemented":[142],"Julia":[145],"language":[147],"solved":[149],"with":[150],"Gurobi":[152],"commercial":[153],"solver.":[154],"analyzed":[158],"using":[159],"33-node":[161],"microgrid":[162,172],"different":[164],"cases":[165],"evaluate":[167],"its":[168],"performance,":[169],"showcasing":[170],"results":[174],"interruptions.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
