{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4378717329","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3281302","title":"A New Unsupervised Validation Index Model Suitable for Energy-Efficient Clustering Techniques in VANET","display_name":"A New Unsupervised Validation Index Model Suitable for Energy-Efficient Clustering Techniques in VANET","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4378717329","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3281302"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3281302","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3281302","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10138420.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10138420.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017958828","display_name":"Hazem Noori Abdulrazzak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1827-431X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79156528","display_name":"Universiti Tenaga Nasional","ror":"https://ror.org/03kxdn807","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79156528","https://openalex.org/I874769580"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hazem Noori Abdulrazzak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Power Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang, Malaysia","Institute of Power Engineering (IPE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Kajang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1827-431X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Power Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79156528"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Power Engineering (IPE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Kajang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79156528"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034271973","display_name":"Goh Chin Hock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0461-3173"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79156528","display_name":"Universiti Tenaga Nasional","ror":"https://ror.org/03kxdn807","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79156528","https://openalex.org/I874769580"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Goh Chin Hock","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Power Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang, Malaysia","Institute of Power Engineering (IPE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Kajang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Power Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79156528"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Power Engineering (IPE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Kajang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79156528"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068466678","display_name":"Nurul Asyikin Mohamed Radzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0481-7686"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79156528","display_name":"Universiti Tenaga Nasional","ror":"https://ror.org/03kxdn807","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79156528","https://openalex.org/I874769580"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nurul Asyikin Mohamed Radzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Power Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang, Malaysia","Institute of Power Engineering (IPE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Kajang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0481-7686","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Power Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79156528"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Power Engineering (IPE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Kajang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79156528"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000154097","display_name":"Nadia M. L. Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1368-0215"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13591777","display_name":"University of Nottingham Ningbo China","ror":"https://ror.org/03y4dt428","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13591777","https://openalex.org/I142263535"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79156528","display_name":"Universiti Tenaga Nasional","ror":"https://ror.org/03kxdn807","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79156528","https://openalex.org/I874769580"]}],"countries":["CN","MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nadia Mei Lin Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Power Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang, Malaysia","Institute of Power Engineering (IPE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Kajang, Malaysia","Zhejiang Key Laboratory on the More Electric Aircraft Technologies, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1368-0215","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Power Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79156528"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Power Engineering (IPE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Kajang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79156528"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory on the More Electric Aircraft Technologies, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13591777"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017958828"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79156528"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.0792,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85902568,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"67540","last_page":"67555"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10637","display_name":"Advanced Clustering Algorithms Research","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8100340366363525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.728158712387085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.6933117508888245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.6705313920974731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.6570335626602173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","score":0.5546226501464844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/index","display_name":"Index (typography)","score":0.5432291626930237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silhouette","display_name":"Silhouette","score":0.43146347999572754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.28428542613983154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.14269381761550903}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8100340366363525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.728158712387085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.6933117508888245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6705313920974731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.6570335626602173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.5546226501464844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.5432291626930237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58103923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2286025","display_name":"Silhouette","level":2,"score":0.43146347999572754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.28428542613983154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.14269381761550903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3281302","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3281302","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10138420.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6600adbb7a424dd6b64c4a2f6d4d1b53","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6600adbb7a424dd6b64c4a2f6d4d1b53","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 67540-67555 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3281302","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3281302","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10138420.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8999999761581421}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2329974691","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"J510050002-IC-6","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319061","funder_display_name":"Tenaga Nasional Berhad"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4522760504","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"J510050002-IC-6 BOLDREFRESH2025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319061","funder_display_name":"Tenaga Nasional Berhad"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8030555956","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"J510050002-IC-6 BOLDREFRESH2025-Centre","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319061","funder_display_name":"Tenaga Nasional Berhad"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319061","display_name":"Tenaga Nasional Berhad","ror":"https://ror.org/04jjxmt88"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4378717329.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4378717329.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W201966249","https://openalex.org/W1518206781","https://openalex.org/W1600820873","https://openalex.org/W1967247902","https://openalex.org/W1983753875","https://openalex.org/W1987971958","https://openalex.org/W2003094092","https://openalex.org/W2020701082","https://openalex.org/W2029064186","https://openalex.org/W2051224630","https://openalex.org/W2073708166","https://openalex.org/W2108323654","https://openalex.org/W2127218421","https://openalex.org/W2137533643","https://openalex.org/W2153233077","https://openalex.org/W2155874464","https://openalex.org/W2165232124","https://openalex.org/W2165835468","https://openalex.org/W2293424800","https://openalex.org/W2343075025","https://openalex.org/W2396415685","https://openalex.org/W2396922192","https://openalex.org/W2480429758","https://openalex.org/W2508244564","https://openalex.org/W2521186049","https://openalex.org/W2524305182","https://openalex.org/W2528237000","https://openalex.org/W2590749036","https://openalex.org/W2604364256","https://openalex.org/W2623143961","https://openalex.org/W2774676697","https://openalex.org/W2777708072","https://openalex.org/W2967176700","https://openalex.org/W2968678991","https://openalex.org/W2986403922","https://openalex.org/W3014000061","https://openalex.org/W3097684051","https://openalex.org/W3188398280","https://openalex.org/W3196631324","https://openalex.org/W4295308281","https://openalex.org/W4309071611","https://openalex.org/W4311236801","https://openalex.org/W6608227374","https://openalex.org/W6678914141","https://openalex.org/W6711898658","https://openalex.org/W6712458593","https://openalex.org/W6739091627","https://openalex.org/W6811219516"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386246753","https://openalex.org/W1998797251","https://openalex.org/W2762277149","https://openalex.org/W2888523397","https://openalex.org/W2380798983","https://openalex.org/W3217508798","https://openalex.org/W3001448194","https://openalex.org/W1641227098","https://openalex.org/W4285805267","https://openalex.org/W4385663244"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Clustering":[0],"evaluation":[1],"techniques":[2],"are":[3],"important":[4,32],"to":[5,15,22,33,86,153,173,175,188,195],"check":[6],"the":[7,17,25,43,67,99,102,118,133,161,165,184,191,231,235,243,249],"clustering":[8],"algorithm":[9],"quality.":[10],"High":[11],"cluster":[12,62,71,172,174,192,194],"similarity":[13,134,163,185],"help":[14],"reduce":[16],"distance":[18,85,104,167],"between":[19,105],"a":[20,125,144],"node":[21,23,128,187,189],"within":[24,190],"cluster,":[26],"also":[27],"good":[28],"separation":[29,179],"was":[30,211],"more":[31],"avoid":[34],"overlapping":[35],"clusters.":[36],"The":[37,81,157,197,208,226,237],"network":[38],"performance":[39],"will":[40,45,94,111,180,200],"increase":[41],"and":[42,58,73,89,108,148,164,193,217,221,246],"signal":[44],"be":[46,96,112,130,139,201],"high.":[47],"Many":[48],"researchers":[49],"proposed":[50,158,198,209,232],"different":[51,214],"validation":[52,63],"indexes":[53,64],"such":[54,115],"as":[55,116],"Davies\u2013Bouldin,":[56],"Dunn,":[57],"Silhouette":[59],"indexes.":[60,156,207,225],"These":[61],"focus":[65],"on":[66],"internal":[68,162],"or":[69,132],"external":[70,166],"similarity,":[72],"some":[74],"of":[75,83,91,135,204],"them":[76],"deal":[77],"with":[78,223],"both":[79],"cases.":[80],"employing":[82],"graph-based":[84],"non-spherical":[87],"clusters":[88],"selection":[90],"reference":[92,106],"points":[93,107],"not":[95],"effective":[97],"all":[98,109,136,169,205],"time":[100],"because":[101],"average":[103],"nodes":[110,137,170],"changed":[113],"dynamically":[114],"in":[117,213,242,248],"VANET":[119,244],"application.":[120],"To":[121],"solve":[122],"this":[123],"problem":[124],"dynamic":[126],"sample":[127],"should":[129,138],"selected":[131],"checked.":[140],"This":[141],"paper":[142],"proposes":[143],"new":[145],"Minimum":[146],"intra-distance":[147],"Maximum":[149],"inter-distance":[150],"Index":[151],"(M2I)":[152],"improve":[154],"these":[155],"index":[159,199,210,227],"checks":[160,183],"among":[168],"from":[171,186],"ensure":[176],"that":[177,230],"high":[178],"occur.":[181],"M2I":[182,233,238],"cluster.":[196],"an":[202],"improvement":[203],"high-rank":[206],"applied":[212],"scenarios":[215],"(VANET":[216],"real":[218,250],"datasets":[219,251],"scenarios)":[220],"compared":[222],"other":[224],"result":[228],"shows":[229],"outperforms":[234],"others.":[236],"accuracy":[239],"is":[240],"100%":[241],"scenario":[245],"89%":[247],"scenario.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}