{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4378714244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3280828","title":"Unbiased Benchmarking in Mobile Networks: The Role of Sampling and Stratification","display_name":"Unbiased Benchmarking in Mobile Networks: The Role of Sampling and Stratification","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4378714244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3280828"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3280828","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3280828","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10138168.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10138168.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048955154","display_name":"Sonja Tripkovic","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1425-2589"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122474","display_name":"Forschungszentrum Telekommunikation Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/026nftk33","country_code":"AT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122474"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sonja Tripkovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Telecommunications, Technische Universit&#x00E4;t Wien, Vienna, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1425-2589","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Telecommunications, Technische Universit&#x00E4;t Wien, Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122474"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062963141","display_name":"Lukas Eller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1087-0953"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122474","display_name":"Forschungszentrum Telekommunikation Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/026nftk33","country_code":"AT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122474"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lukas Eller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Telecommunications, Technische Universit&#x00E4;t Wien, Vienna, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1087-0953","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Telecommunications, Technische Universit&#x00E4;t Wien, Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122474"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062907826","display_name":"Philipp Svoboda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2277-0378"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122474","display_name":"Forschungszentrum Telekommunikation Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/026nftk33","country_code":"AT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122474"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philipp Svoboda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Telecommunications, Technische Universit&#x00E4;t Wien, Vienna, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2277-0378","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Telecommunications, Technische Universit&#x00E4;t Wien, Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122474"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009083554","display_name":"Markus Rupp","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9003-7779"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122474","display_name":"Forschungszentrum Telekommunikation Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/026nftk33","country_code":"AT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122474"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Markus Rupp","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Telecommunications, Technische Universit&#x00E4;t Wien, Vienna, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9003-7779","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Telecommunications, Technische Universit&#x00E4;t Wien, Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122474"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122474"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.1511,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83788679,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"53772","last_page":"53787"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.8814952373504639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.766185998916626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.652439296245575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.6498050093650818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.5763182044029236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.4237882196903229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4154531955718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12730279564857483}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.8814952373504639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.766185998916626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.652439296245575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.6498050093650818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5763182044029236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.4237882196903229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4154531955718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12730279564857483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3280828","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3280828","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10138168.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:74d44d267ee64f32bc2e1256fefd8348","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/74d44d267ee64f32bc2e1256fefd8348","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 53772-53787 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3280828","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3280828","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10138168.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.47999998927116394,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311813","display_name":"\u00d6sterreichische Nationalstiftung f\u00fcr Forschung, Technologie und Entwicklung","ror":"https://ror.org/04hb33h70"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322839","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/04d836q62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323591","display_name":"Christian Doppler Forschungsgesellschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/00mv8h305"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335937","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Wien Bibliothek","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4378714244.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4378714244.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1553085258","https://openalex.org/W1994500462","https://openalex.org/W1999417451","https://openalex.org/W2125826911","https://openalex.org/W2166318710","https://openalex.org/W2182214061","https://openalex.org/W2203128229","https://openalex.org/W2324695044","https://openalex.org/W2329460483","https://openalex.org/W2498260651","https://openalex.org/W2515288575","https://openalex.org/W2585898937","https://openalex.org/W2782580642","https://openalex.org/W2786519012","https://openalex.org/W2802897040","https://openalex.org/W2885597638","https://openalex.org/W2890203161","https://openalex.org/W2905052402","https://openalex.org/W3038827425","https://openalex.org/W3137244832","https://openalex.org/W3170931628","https://openalex.org/W3200620078","https://openalex.org/W4205460318","https://openalex.org/W4293095112","https://openalex.org/W4301862456","https://openalex.org/W4312355809","https://openalex.org/W4312745514","https://openalex.org/W4319778043"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4238897586","https://openalex.org/W435179959","https://openalex.org/W2619091065","https://openalex.org/W2341842940","https://openalex.org/W1490753184","https://openalex.org/W2284465472","https://openalex.org/W2291782699","https://openalex.org/W1993948687","https://openalex.org/W2059640416","https://openalex.org/W2770764537"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cellular":[0],"operators":[1,161],"tightly":[2],"monitor":[3],"their":[4,16],"networks":[5],"to":[6,83,92,107,143,157,187,252],"keep":[7],"up":[8],"with":[9,69,111,120,148,162],"the":[10,36,59,112,134,171,178,191,199,215,222,235,245],"market":[11],"demand":[12],"and":[13,30,38,52,130,227],"frequently":[14],"benchmark":[15],"performance":[17,25,60,172],"against":[18],"competitors.":[19],"Typical":[20],"benchmarking":[21],"tests":[22,97],"compare":[23],"key":[24],"indicators,":[26],"quality":[27,31],"of":[28,32,88,173,225],"service,":[29],"experience":[33],"parameters":[34,51],"on":[35,127,177,202,248],"city-":[37],"regional":[39],"levels":[40],"using":[41],"user-collected":[42],"crowdsourced":[43,105,205,254],"data":[44,106,135,180,206,216],"or":[45,98,139],"drive":[46,96],"test":[47],"measurements.":[48,165,256],"However,":[49],"time-variant":[50],"different":[53,174],"user":[54,128],"mobility":[55,129],"patterns":[56],"can":[57,117],"bias":[58],"comparison.":[61],"Designing":[62],"a":[63,76,89,154,209],"measurement":[64,131],"sampling":[65,115,175,200,249],"strategy":[66],"that":[67],"deals":[68],"such":[70],"issues":[71],"is":[72,244],"critical":[73],"for":[74,153],"achieving":[75],"valid":[77],"benchmark.":[78],"Whether":[79],"we":[80,102,169,220],"would":[81],"like":[82],"determine":[84],"how":[85,99],"many":[86,100],"tiles":[87],"map":[90],"have":[91],"be":[93],"measured":[94],"in":[95,229],"samples":[101],"need":[103],"from":[104,208],"reach":[108],"an":[109,121,145],"estimate":[110,147],"required":[113,223],"accuracy,":[114],"theory":[116],"provide":[118],"us":[119,142],"answer.":[122],"Since":[123],"propagation":[124],"conditions":[125],"depend":[126],"environment,":[132],"splitting":[133],"set":[136,181],"into":[137,217],"groups":[138],"strata":[140],"allows":[141],"attain":[144],"unbiased":[146],"fewer":[149],"samples,":[150],"thus":[151],"allowing":[152],"fair":[155],"comparison":[156],"other":[158],"mobile":[159],"network":[160],"minimum":[163],"effort":[164],"In":[166],"this":[167,243],"work,":[168],"characterize":[170],"methods":[176,201],"simulated":[179],"while":[182,232],"investigating":[183],"specific":[184],"use":[185],"cases":[186],"reveal":[188],"scenarios":[189],"where":[190],"stratification":[192],"method":[193],"pays":[194],"off.":[195],"We":[196],"further":[197],"analyze":[198],"two":[203],"real-world":[204,253],"sets":[207],"major":[210],"Austrian":[211],"operator.":[212],"By":[213],"stratifying":[214],"meaningful":[218],"strata,":[219],"obtain":[221],"number":[224],"areas":[226],"measurements":[228],"each":[230],"stratum":[231],"remaining":[233],"under":[234],"pre-set":[236],"estimation":[237],"error":[238],"level.":[239],"To":[240],"our":[241],"knowledge,":[242],"first":[246],"study":[247],"methodologies":[250],"applied":[251],"cellular":[255]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
