{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4377966875","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3279734","title":"Color to Grayscale Image Conversion Based on Singular Value Decomposition","display_name":"Color to Grayscale Image Conversion Based on Singular Value Decomposition","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4377966875","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3279734"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3279734","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3279734","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10132453.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10132453.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043460414","display_name":"Zaid Nidhal Khudhair","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zaid Nidhal Khudhair","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, School of Computing, University of Technology Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia","UTM-IRDA MaGICX, Institute of Human Centered Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, School of Computing, University of Technology Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"UTM-IRDA MaGICX, Institute of Human Centered Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064787702","display_name":"Ahmed Nidhal Khdiar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7573-6248"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47229656","display_name":"University of Kufa","ror":"https://ror.org/02dwrdh81","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47229656"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Nidhal Khdiar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7573-6248","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47229656"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006881972","display_name":"Nidhal K. El Abbadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7178-5667"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nidhal K. El Abbadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Techniques Engineering Department, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Techniques Engineering Department, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon, Iraq","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045125867","display_name":"Farhan Mohamed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5298-8642"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farhan Mohamed","raw_affiliation_strings":["UTM-IRDA MaGICX, Institute of Human Centered Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5298-8642","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UTM-IRDA MaGICX, Institute of Human Centered Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018549351","display_name":"Tanzila Saba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3138-3801"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142024983","display_name":"Prince Sultan University","ror":"https://ror.org/053mqrf26","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tanzila Saba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence and Data Analytics Laboratory, College of Computer and Information Sciences (CCIS), Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3138-3801","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence and Data Analytics Laboratory, College of Computer and Information Sciences (CCIS), Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051374204","display_name":"Faten S. Alamri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0312-8731"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106778892","display_name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faten S. Alamri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematical Sciences, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0312-8731","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematical Sciences, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062125413","display_name":"Amjad Rehman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3817-2655"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142024983","display_name":"Prince Sultan University","ror":"https://ror.org/053mqrf26","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amjad Rehman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence and Data Analytics Laboratory, College of Computer and Information Sciences (CCIS), Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3817-2655","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence and Data Analytics Laboratory, College of Computer and Information Sciences (CCIS), Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043460414"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":5.2527,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96067509,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"54629","last_page":"54638"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11666","display_name":"Color Science and Applications","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grayscale","display_name":"Grayscale","score":0.8782054781913757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7148862481117249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/color-image","display_name":"Color image","score":0.6667197346687317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6459007263183594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5851856470108032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5660438537597656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/singular-value-decomposition","display_name":"Singular value decomposition","score":0.5229400396347046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.5164363980293274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4304809868335724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.42817407846450806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/singular-value","display_name":"Singular value","score":0.42471253871917725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-gradient","display_name":"Image gradient","score":0.41956713795661926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/color-space","display_name":"Color space","score":0.4133712351322174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.35843050479888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.3208751678466797}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78201319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685727","display_name":"Grayscale","level":3,"score":0.8782054781913757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7148862481117249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142616399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5148604","display_name":"Color image","level":4,"score":0.6667197346687317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6459007263183594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5851856470108032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5660438537597656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22789450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420904","display_name":"Singular value decomposition","level":2,"score":0.5229400396347046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.5164363980293274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4304809868335724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.42817407846450806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109282560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4166054","display_name":"Singular value","level":3,"score":0.42471253871917725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182037307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17039097","display_name":"Image gradient","level":5,"score":0.41956713795661926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2961294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166863","display_name":"Color space","level":3,"score":0.4133712351322174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.35843050479888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3208751678466797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158693339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190524","display_name":"Eigenvalues and eigenvectors","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3279734","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3279734","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10132453.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0a04490616e44642aae89c7be1cb5339","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0a04490616e44642aae89c7be1cb5339","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 54629-54638 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3279734","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3279734","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10132453.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1580085224","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PNURSP2023R346","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322484","funder_display_name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322484","display_name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327702","display_name":"Prince Sultan University","ror":"https://ror.org/053mqrf26"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4377966875.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4377966875.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1992110876","https://openalex.org/W2000377260","https://openalex.org/W2032060170","https://openalex.org/W2071033940","https://openalex.org/W2083610878","https://openalex.org/W2085020374","https://openalex.org/W2096513167","https://openalex.org/W2187071065","https://openalex.org/W2224417820","https://openalex.org/W2292863891","https://openalex.org/W2469398424","https://openalex.org/W2565203624","https://openalex.org/W2613469004","https://openalex.org/W2744175682","https://openalex.org/W2758072349","https://openalex.org/W2801197735","https://openalex.org/W2887835501","https://openalex.org/W2901292991","https://openalex.org/W2914033837","https://openalex.org/W2922098633","https://openalex.org/W2970147308","https://openalex.org/W3033630149","https://openalex.org/W3097576741","https://openalex.org/W4200107606","https://openalex.org/W4206407320","https://openalex.org/W4213326889","https://openalex.org/W4225143145","https://openalex.org/W4253465622","https://openalex.org/W4292302180","https://openalex.org/W6687035392","https://openalex.org/W6737977520","https://openalex.org/W6805053086","https://openalex.org/W6810020981"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1983191497","https://openalex.org/W2562072950","https://openalex.org/W2792489537","https://openalex.org/W2962819983","https://openalex.org/W2968419879","https://openalex.org/W3169734547","https://openalex.org/W4310175020","https://openalex.org/W2742029448","https://openalex.org/W2369211336","https://openalex.org/W2541304813"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Color":[0],"information":[1,186],"is":[2,32,42,88,141],"useless":[3],"for":[4,46,150],"distinguishing":[5],"significant":[6,36],"edges":[7],"and":[8,72,103,182,213],"features":[9],"in":[10,22,85,144,167,193],"numerous":[11],"applications.":[12,146],"In":[13],"image":[14,18,37,50,54,87,151,170,181,210],"processing,":[15],"a":[16,23,43,52,107,168,204],"gray":[17,135],"discards":[19],"much-unrequired":[20],"data":[21],"color":[24,68,185,196,209],"image.":[25],"The":[26,95,119,198],"primary":[27],"drawback":[28],"of":[29,66,76,82,97,115,121,134,157,179,195],"colour-to-grey":[30],"conversion":[31,190],"eliminating":[33],"the":[34,67,98,112,116,122,126,155,161,175,180,208,218],"visually":[35],"pixels.":[38],"A":[39,61,74],"current":[40],"proposal":[41],"novel":[44],"approach":[45],"transforming":[47],"an":[48,86],"RGB":[49],"into":[51,92,211],"grayscale":[53,169,189],"based":[55],"on":[56],"singular":[57,162],"value":[58,114,163],"decomposition":[59],"(SVD).":[60],"specific":[62,108],"factor":[63,109],"magnifies":[64],"one":[65],"channels":[69],"(Red,":[70,79],"Green,":[71,80],"Blue).":[73],"vector":[75],"three":[77,93],"values":[78,178],"Blue)":[81],"each":[83,158],"pixel":[84],"decomposed":[89],"using":[90],"SVD":[91,148],"matrices.":[94],"norm":[96],"diagonal":[99],"matrix":[100],"was":[101,201,214],"determined":[102],"then":[104],"divided":[105],"by":[106,153],"to":[110,130,216],"obtain":[111],"grey":[113],"corresponding":[117],"pixel.":[118],"contribution":[120],"proposed":[123,199],"method":[124,200,206],"gives":[125],"user":[127],"high":[128],"flexibility":[129],"produce":[131],"many":[132,145],"versions":[133],"images":[136],"with":[137,160,203],"varying":[138],"contrasts,":[139],"which":[140],"very":[142],"helpful":[143],"Furthermore,":[147],"allows":[149],"reconstruction":[152],"combining":[154],"weighting":[156],"channel":[159],"matrix.":[164],"This":[165],"results":[166],"that":[171],"more":[172,184],"accurately":[173],"captures":[174],"actual":[176],"intensity":[177],"preserves":[183],"than":[187],"traditional":[188],"methods,":[191],"resulting":[192],"loss":[194],"information.":[197],"compared":[202],"similar":[205],"(converting":[207],"grayscale)":[212],"found":[215],"be":[217],"most":[219],"efficient.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}