{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4382393266","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3274543","title":"Unbalanced Data Handling Techniques for Classifying Energy Theft and Defective Meters in the Provincial Electricity Authority of Thailand","display_name":"Unbalanced Data Handling Techniques for Classifying Energy Theft and Defective Meters in the Provincial Electricity Authority of Thailand","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4382393266","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3274543"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3274543","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3274543","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10121758.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10121758.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092008537","display_name":"Supakan Janthong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0416-6182"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131868736","display_name":"Prince of Songkla University","ror":"https://ror.org/0575ycz84","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131868736"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I175611932","display_name":"Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand","ror":"https://ror.org/03spd6n49","country_code":"TH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I175611932"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Supakan Janthong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand","Meter Department, Provincial Electricity Authority, Bangkok, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0416-6182","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131868736"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meter Department, Provincial Electricity Authority, Bangkok, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175611932"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019458647","display_name":"Kusumal Chalermyanont","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131868736","display_name":"Prince of Songkla University","ror":"https://ror.org/0575ycz84","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131868736"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kusumal Chalermyanont","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131868736"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053154570","display_name":"Rakkrit Duangsoithong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1307-6405"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131868736","display_name":"Prince of Songkla University","ror":"https://ror.org/0575ycz84","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131868736"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rakkrit Duangsoithong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1307-6405","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131868736"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.2089,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88011019,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"46522","last_page":"46540"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13429","display_name":"Electricity Theft Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13429","display_name":"Electricity Theft Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11220","display_name":"Water Systems and Optimization","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9786999821662903,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.687207043170929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.6166396141052246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.5971486568450928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity-meter","display_name":"Electricity meter","score":0.5372229814529419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4618050456047058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/revenue","display_name":"Revenue","score":0.4602147340774536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45555999875068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.44114136695861816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-series","display_name":"Time series","score":0.42737293243408203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.29798299074172974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.26976555585861206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.1937093436717987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.138208270072937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11069446802139282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.09410634636878967}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.687207043170929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.6166396141052246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.5971486568450928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67172668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622756","display_name":"Electricity meter","level":3,"score":0.5372229814529419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4618050456047058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195487862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850210","display_name":"Revenue","level":2,"score":0.4602147340774536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45555999875068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.44114136695861816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151406439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186588","display_name":"Time series","level":2,"score":0.42737293243408203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.29798299074172974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.26976555585861206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1937093436717987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.138208270072937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11069446802139282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.09410634636878967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3274543","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3274543","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10121758.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:20b851bfc7ab40b7af346a4070378cac","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/20b851bfc7ab40b7af346a4070378cac","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 46522-46540 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3274543","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3274543","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10121758.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5400000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322692","display_name":"Prince of Songkla University","ror":"https://ror.org/0575ycz84"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326657","display_name":"Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4382393266.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4382393266.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1602137374","https://openalex.org/W2024223694","https://openalex.org/W2039510381","https://openalex.org/W2081681829","https://openalex.org/W2104933073","https://openalex.org/W2541941925","https://openalex.org/W2776990447","https://openalex.org/W2786209303","https://openalex.org/W2887451702","https://openalex.org/W2936503027","https://openalex.org/W2954996726","https://openalex.org/W2958067321","https://openalex.org/W2964192219","https://openalex.org/W2975154836","https://openalex.org/W2978986055","https://openalex.org/W3006100806","https://openalex.org/W3014524176","https://openalex.org/W3033877814","https://openalex.org/W3080094819","https://openalex.org/W3083523931","https://openalex.org/W3089091568","https://openalex.org/W3097369108","https://openalex.org/W3133693965","https://openalex.org/W3160464491","https://openalex.org/W3170345003","https://openalex.org/W3172928499","https://openalex.org/W3184032996","https://openalex.org/W3185320029","https://openalex.org/W3200970259","https://openalex.org/W3212877473","https://openalex.org/W4210827692","https://openalex.org/W4223482643","https://openalex.org/W4306986986","https://openalex.org/W4309145873","https://openalex.org/W6675634716","https://openalex.org/W6728891963","https://openalex.org/W6845586020"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2184749523","https://openalex.org/W4377294584","https://openalex.org/W4311505939","https://openalex.org/W2358110385","https://openalex.org/W2385084045","https://openalex.org/W4210766640","https://openalex.org/W3037509026","https://openalex.org/W3126877683","https://openalex.org/W4212969235","https://openalex.org/W2806163453"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Energy":[0],"theft":[1],"and":[2,19,33,75,93,114,130,151,160,180,199,212,224,239,246,254],"defective":[3,129],"meters":[4],"not":[5,95],"only":[6,69],"lead":[7],"to":[8,16,31,73,116,141,221,237],"non-technical":[9],"losses":[10,35],"(NTLs)":[11],"that":[12,59,81,88,205],"are":[13,24,248],"extremely":[14],"detrimental":[15],"energy":[17,127],"distributors":[18],"power":[20],"infrastructure,":[21],"but":[22],"NTLs":[23,57],"also":[25],"a":[26,45,107,176],"major":[27],"cause":[28],"of":[29,36,54,79,101,137,185],"damages":[30],"electricity":[32],"massive":[34],"revenue":[37],"each":[38],"year.":[39],"Automatic":[40],"meter":[41],"reading":[42],"(AMR)":[43],"is":[44,71,98],"system":[46],"used":[47],"by":[48],"the":[49,77,99,143,217,249,257,262],"Provincial":[50],"Electricity":[51],"Authority":[52],"(PEA)":[53],"Thailand":[55],"for":[56,125,214],"detection":[58],"works":[60],"in":[61],"conjunction":[62],"with":[63],"physical":[64],"inspection.":[65],"At":[66],"present,":[67],"using":[68,175,189,209,227,244],"AMR":[70,135],"unable":[72],"classify":[74],"identify":[76],"types":[78],"abnormalities":[80],"occur.":[82],"In":[83,139],"addition,":[84],"another":[85],"important":[86],"issue":[87,105],"has":[89,106],"been":[90],"rarely":[91],"studied":[92],"should":[94],"be":[96],"neglected":[97],"balancing":[100,256],"data.":[102],"Because":[103],"this":[104],"negative":[108],"impact":[109],"on":[110,134],"minorities,":[111],"learners":[112],"misclassify":[113],"leads":[115],"incorrect":[117],"predictions.":[118],"This":[119],"paper":[120],"proposes":[121],"unbalanced":[122,240],"data":[123,162,166,206,225,258],"techniques":[124,208],"classifying":[126,215],"theft,":[128],"normal":[131],"customers":[132],"based":[133],"monitoring":[136],"PEA.":[138],"order":[140],"handle":[142],"multiclass":[144],"imbalance":[145],"problems,":[146],"three":[147],"methods":[148],"were":[149,167],"evaluated":[150],"compared:":[152],"anomaly":[153,210],"models":[154,211],"(AM),":[155],"adaptive":[156],"synthetic":[157],"sampling":[158],"(ADASYN),":[159],"image":[161,174],"augmentation":[163],"(IA).":[164],"The":[165,201],"extracted":[168],"from":[169],"time":[170,187,233],"series":[171,188],"into":[172],"an":[173],"recurrence":[177],"plot":[178],"(RP)":[179],"classified":[181],"as":[182],"abnormal":[183],"patterns":[184],"imaging":[186],"six":[190],"deep":[191],"learning":[192],"models:":[193],"LeNet5,":[194],"AlexNet,":[195],"VGGNet19,":[196],"DenseNet121,":[197],"ResNet50,":[198],"InceptionV3.":[200],"experimental":[202],"results":[203,219,231],"demonstrate":[204],"generation":[207],"DenseNet121":[213],"provided":[216],"best":[218],"compared":[220,236],"other":[222],"techniques,":[223],"extraction":[226],"images":[228],"yields":[229],"better":[230],"than":[232],"series.":[234],"Moreover,":[235],"balanced":[238],"data,":[241],"classification":[242,260],"evaluation":[243,252],"AUC-ROC":[245],"F1-score":[247],"most":[250],"appropriate":[251],"methods,":[253],"importantly,":[255],"before":[259],"improved":[261],"model":[263],"performance.":[264]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}