{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4367279932","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3271012","title":"LQG-Based Virtual Inertial Control of Islanded Microgrid Load Frequency Control and DoS Attack Vulnerability Analysis","display_name":"LQG-Based Virtual Inertial Control of Islanded Microgrid Load Frequency Control and DoS Attack Vulnerability Analysis","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4367279932","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3271012"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3271012","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3271012","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10109724.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10109724.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057834427","display_name":"Athira Mohan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2190-6018"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60342839","display_name":"Qatar University","ror":"https://ror.org/00yhnba62","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Athira M. Mohan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054285669","display_name":"Nader Meskin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3098-9369"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60342839","display_name":"Qatar University","ror":"https://ror.org/00yhnba62","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nader Meskin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033395260","display_name":"Hasan Mehrjerdi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9775-8456"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51768193","display_name":"Royal Military College of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04yr71909","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51768193"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hasan Mehrjerdi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51768193"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057834427"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":5.1735,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96082942,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"42160","last_page":"42179"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12277","display_name":"Frequency Control in Power Systems","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11102","display_name":"HVDC Systems and Fault Protection","score":0.9817000031471252,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microgrid","display_name":"Microgrid","score":0.8381619453430176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.7565367221832275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-quadratic-gaussian-control","display_name":"Linear-quadratic-Gaussian control","score":0.7534606456756592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-frequency-control","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","score":0.6575326323509216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-deviation","display_name":"Frequency deviation","score":0.6048051714897156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.6042486429214478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49098899960517883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-power","display_name":"Wind power","score":0.43398287892341614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robust-control","display_name":"Robust control","score":0.42491015791893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-system","display_name":"Control system","score":0.3531157374382019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.3507612347602844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.31061577796936035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.2553287744522095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.13697189092636108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10360807180404663}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776784348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5762595","display_name":"Microgrid","level":3,"score":0.8381619453430176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.7565367221832275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204495892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1798304","display_name":"Linear-quadratic-Gaussian control","level":3,"score":0.7534606456756592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25915539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220786","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","level":2,"score":0.6575326323509216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123919525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q761942","display_name":"Frequency deviation","level":3,"score":0.6048051714897156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.6042486429214478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49098899960517883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78600449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302","display_name":"Wind power","level":2,"score":0.43398287892341614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31531917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q915157","display_name":"Robust control","level":3,"score":0.42491015791893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.3531157374382019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.3507612347602844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.31061577796936035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2553287744522095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.13697189092636108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10360807180404663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3271012","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3271012","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10109724.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:qspace.qu.edu.qa:10576/63143","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10576/63143","pdf_url":"http://qspace.qu.edu.qa/bitstream/10576/63143/1/LQG-Based_Virtual_Inertial_Control_of_Islanded_Microgrid_Load_Frequency_Control_and_DoS_Attack_Vulnerability_Analysis.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400014","display_name":"Qatar University QSpace (Qatar University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I60342839","host_organization_name":"Qatar University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0e1dab7e53454e1da9775612b2664fea","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0e1dab7e53454e1da9775612b2664fea","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 42160-42179 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/25204244","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/LQG-Based_Virtual_Inertial_Control_of_Islanded_Microgrid_Load_Frequency_Control_and_DoS_Attack_Vulnerability_Analysis/25204244","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3271012","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3271012","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10109724.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","score":0.5699999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334468","display_name":"Qatar National Library","ror":"https://ror.org/02jv93662"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4367279932.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4367279932.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2001965107","https://openalex.org/W2130055347","https://openalex.org/W2153910360","https://openalex.org/W2431830916","https://openalex.org/W2558602402","https://openalex.org/W2571421633","https://openalex.org/W2612769171","https://openalex.org/W2740637254","https://openalex.org/W2748609964","https://openalex.org/W2749736659","https://openalex.org/W2770932849","https://openalex.org/W2789428300","https://openalex.org/W2802122355","https://openalex.org/W2903087836","https://openalex.org/W2908969908","https://openalex.org/W2910262161","https://openalex.org/W2912021879","https://openalex.org/W2914653492","https://openalex.org/W2918415958","https://openalex.org/W2941063641","https://openalex.org/W2941186473","https://openalex.org/W2956142719","https://openalex.org/W2960140632","https://openalex.org/W2970815307","https://openalex.org/W2971965698","https://openalex.org/W2980418550","https://openalex.org/W3011490572","https://openalex.org/W3046032793","https://openalex.org/W3049571576","https://openalex.org/W3093239081","https://openalex.org/W3093879055","https://openalex.org/W3097929439","https://openalex.org/W3103864887","https://openalex.org/W3106802491","https://openalex.org/W3107408814","https://openalex.org/W3115295331","https://openalex.org/W3127864340","https://openalex.org/W3132195435","https://openalex.org/W3135372559","https://openalex.org/W3139533340","https://openalex.org/W3203507395","https://openalex.org/W4205200551","https://openalex.org/W4220795333","https://openalex.org/W4280543193","https://openalex.org/W4310273263"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2892695466","https://openalex.org/W2076021085","https://openalex.org/W2061539888","https://openalex.org/W3127790372","https://openalex.org/W2382782532","https://openalex.org/W3006223230","https://openalex.org/W2424479016","https://openalex.org/W2386414721","https://openalex.org/W3168778428","https://openalex.org/W4391237069"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,36,129,160,179,233,262],"load":[1,48,154],"frequency":[2,53,88,165,188,193,278],"control":[3,111,125,134,147,171,177,181,231,246,270,293],"(LFC)":[4],"in":[5,55,70,90,238],"modern":[6],"power":[7,43,63,82],"system":[8,34,61,68,119,219],"like":[9,39],"microgrid":[10,56,87,217],"has":[11],"turned":[12],"out":[13],"to":[14,19,60,77,205,276,283,287],"be":[15],"significantly":[16],"challenging":[17],"due":[18],"the":[20,29,47,71,78,132,169,206,213,216,221,239,249,258,267,291],"high":[21],"penetration":[22],"of":[23,32,80,126,131,152,176,187,208,215,223,243],"renewable":[24],"energy":[25,117],"sources":[26],"(RESs)":[27],"and":[28,41,57,65,85,103,141,155,190,198,241,248],"consequent":[30],"reduction":[31],"overall":[33],"inertia.":[35],"inverter-equipped":[37],"RESs":[38],"solar":[40],"wind":[42],"generation":[44],"units,":[45],"besides":[46],"variations":[49],"can":[50,272],"prompt":[51],"sustained":[52],"fluctuations":[54],"further":[58],"lead":[59],"instability,":[62,89],"outages,":[64],"even":[66],"complete":[67],"blackout":[69],"worst":[72],"case.":[73],"As":[74],"a":[75],"solution":[76],"concerns":[79],"intermittent":[81],"source":[83],"integration":[84],"resulting":[86],"this":[91],"work,":[92],"two":[93],"robust":[94,211],"LFC":[95,218],"schemes":[96,112,148,182],"using":[97],"conventional":[98],"linear":[99,107],"quadratic":[100,108],"gaussian":[101],"(LQG)":[102],"modified":[104],"LQG":[105],"with":[106,144],"integral":[109],"(LQI)":[110],"are":[113],"proposed":[114,170,180],"for":[115,168,229],"secondary/battery":[116],"storage":[118],"(BESS)-based":[120],"auxiliary":[121,245,269],"(virtual":[122],"inertia":[123],"(VI))":[124],"islanded/non-linear":[127],"microgrid.":[128],"efficacy":[130],"suggested":[133],"strategy":[135],"is":[136,227,236,255,295],"confirmed":[137],"through":[138],"MATLAB/SIMULINK":[139],"simulations":[140],"by":[142],"comparing":[143],"other":[145,174],"different":[146,230],"under":[149,195,296],"various":[150],"scenarios":[151],"distinct":[153],"RES":[156,200],"disturbance":[157],"input":[158],"profiles.":[159],"simulation":[161,263],"results":[162,264],"exhibited":[163],"superior":[164],"regulation":[166],"performance":[167],"mechanisms":[172],"over":[173],"types":[175],"schemes.":[178,232],"also":[183,281],"ensure":[184],"fast":[185],"settling":[186],"transients":[189],"help":[191,275],"improve":[192,277],"stability":[194,279],"stochastic":[196],"loads":[197],"random":[199],"output":[201],"power.":[202],"In":[203],"addition":[204],"development":[207],"an":[209,288],"effective":[210],"controller,":[212],"vulnerability":[214,234],"towards":[220],"denial":[222],"service":[224],"(DoS)":[225],"attack":[226,260],"analyzed":[228],"analysis":[235],"performed":[237],"presence":[240],"absence":[242],"local":[244,268],"loop":[247,294],"remote":[250],"secondary":[251,292],"measurement":[252],"communication":[253],"channel":[254],"considered":[256],"as":[257],"DoS":[259],"point.":[261],"indicate":[265],"that":[266],"mechanism":[271],"not":[273],"only":[274],"but":[280],"helps":[282],"add":[284],"cyber-attack":[285],"resilience":[286],"extent":[289],"when":[290],"attack.":[297]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
