{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4367032205","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3270231","title":"LPI Radar Signals Modulation Recognition Based on ACDCA-ResNeXt","display_name":"LPI Radar Signals Modulation Recognition Based on ACDCA-ResNeXt","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4367032205","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3270231"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3270231","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3270231","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10107985.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10107985.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100348138","display_name":"Xudong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1353-1420"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xudong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronics and Information Engineering/College of Integrated Circuits, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","College of Electronic and Information Engineering/College of Integrated Circuits, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics of China, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering/College of Integrated Circuits, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering/College of Integrated Circuits, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics of China, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061809651","display_name":"Guiguang Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1034-9631"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guiguang Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronics and Information Engineering/College of Integrated Circuits, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","College of Electronic and Information Engineering/College of Integrated Circuits, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics of China, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1034-9631","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering/College of Integrated Circuits, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering/College of Integrated Circuits, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics of China, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035921680","display_name":"Yan He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9882-351X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"He Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronics and Information Engineering/College of Integrated Circuits, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","College of Electronic and Information Engineering/College of Integrated Circuits, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics of China, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9882-351X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering/College of Integrated Circuits, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering/College of Integrated Circuits, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics of China, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100784062","display_name":"Daiyin Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5855-8635"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daiyin Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronics and Information Engineering/College of Integrated Circuits, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","College of Electronic and Information Engineering/College of Integrated Circuits, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics of China, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5855-8635","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering/College of Integrated Circuits, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering/College of Integrated Circuits, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics of China, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004045500","display_name":"Ying Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7022-0123"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronics and Information Engineering/College of Integrated Circuits, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","College of Electronic and Information Engineering/College of Integrated Circuits, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics of China, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering/College of Integrated Circuits, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering/College of Integrated Circuits, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics of China, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060958826","display_name":"Zehu Luo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zehu Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronics and Information Engineering/College of Integrated Circuits, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","College of Electronic and Information Engineering/College of Integrated Circuits, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics of China, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering/College of Integrated Circuits, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering/College of Integrated Circuits, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics of China, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.3311,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93228586,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"45168","last_page":"45180"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9635000228881836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14257","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Detection Methods","score":0.9589999914169312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5963647365570068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.49258118867874146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.45559194684028625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3897799253463745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2862553596496582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1569017767906189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.07867315411567688}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5963647365570068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.49258118867874146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.45559194684028625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3897799253463745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2862553596496582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1569017767906189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.07867315411567688}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3270231","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3270231","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10107985.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:22001f47458e48788f6571b15fbfa7c9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/22001f47458e48788f6571b15fbfa7c9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 45168-45180 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3270231","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3270231","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10107985.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.6800000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3409535930","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61801212","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4367032205.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4367032205.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1598868193","https://openalex.org/W1964649965","https://openalex.org/W1985437849","https://openalex.org/W2042066687","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2520774990","https://openalex.org/W2549139847","https://openalex.org/W2624887404","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2781731889","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2886334544","https://openalex.org/W2935707394","https://openalex.org/W2962850830","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2965265594","https://openalex.org/W2980319315","https://openalex.org/W2981609437","https://openalex.org/W2999696229","https://openalex.org/W3037205033","https://openalex.org/W3053735264","https://openalex.org/W3127701791","https://openalex.org/W3160210230","https://openalex.org/W3177052299","https://openalex.org/W4206203292","https://openalex.org/W6753412334","https://openalex.org/W6992931895"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"For":[0],"low":[1,13,55],"probability":[2],"of":[3,39,75,98,112,142,160,175,183],"intercept":[4],"(LPI)":[5],"radar":[6,41,59,132,177],"waveform":[7],"identification":[8],"accuracy":[9],"(ACC)":[10],"problem":[11],"at":[12,54],"Signal-to-Noise":[14],"Ratios":[15],"(SNRs),":[16],"an":[17],"approach":[18,186],"based":[19],"on":[20],"time-frequency":[21,62],"analysis":[22],"(TFA)":[23],"and":[24,84,94,101,126,150,162],"Asymmetric":[25],"Dilated":[26],"Convolution":[27],"Coordinate":[28],"Attention":[29],"Residual":[30],"networks":[31],"(ACDCA-ResNeXt)":[32],"is":[33,140,191],"proposed":[34,185],"to":[35,57,68,89,130],"recognize":[36,131],"twelve":[37,173],"kinds":[38,174],"LPI":[40,176],"signals":[42,60],"automatically.":[43],"First,":[44],"we":[45],"apply":[46],"Choi-Williams":[47],"distribution":[48],"(CWD),":[49],"which":[50,139],"shows":[51],"superior":[52],"performance":[53,159],"SNRs,":[56],"transforming":[58],"into":[61,120],"images":[63],"(TFI).":[64],"Then,":[65],"in":[66],"order":[67],"obtain":[69,102],"the":[70,91,99,113,116,156,179,184],"high-quality":[71],"TFIs,":[72],"a":[73,103,135,143,151,164],"series":[74],"image":[76,82,85,107],"processing":[77],"techniques,":[78],"including":[79],"2DWiener":[80],"filtering,":[81],"cutting,":[83],"resize,":[86],"are":[87,118],"used":[88],"remove":[90],"background":[92],"noise":[93],"redundant":[95],"frequency":[96],"bands":[97],"TFI":[100],"fixed-size":[104],"gray":[105],"scale":[106],"containing":[108],"main":[109],"morphological":[110],"features":[111,129],"TFI.":[114],"Finally,":[115],"TFIs":[117],"input":[119],"ACDCA-ResNeXt":[121],"network":[122,161],"that":[123],"can":[124],"extract":[125],"learn":[127],"deep":[128],"waveforms.":[133],"Furthermore,":[134],"fusion":[136],"loss":[137,148,153],"function,":[138,154],"composed":[141],"soft-label":[144],"smoothed":[145],"cross":[146],"entropy":[147],"function":[149],"center":[152],"improves":[155],"generalization":[157],"capability":[158],"achieves":[163,187],"better":[165],"clustering":[166],"effect.":[167],"Experimental":[168],"results":[169],"demonstrate":[170],"that,":[171],"for":[172],"waveforms,":[178],"overall":[180],"recognition":[181],"ACC":[182],"97.94%":[188],"when":[189],"SNR":[190],"-8":[192],"dB.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}