{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4366202012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3267808","title":"Closed Form Approximations for UAV Line-of-Sight Probability in Urban Environments","display_name":"Closed Form Approximations for UAV Line-of-Sight Probability in Urban Environments","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4366202012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3267808"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3267808","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3267808","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10103694.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10103694.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006099964","display_name":"Imran Mohammed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4422-9734"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Imran Mohammed","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029532634","display_name":"Swaroop Gopalam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0345-2988"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Swaroop Gopalam","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0345-2988","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033728735","display_name":"Iain B. Collings","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4857-2601"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iain B. Collings","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4857-2601","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033806253","display_name":"Stephen V. Hanly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0524-9927"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen V. Hanly","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0524-9927","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":11.6512,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97843095,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"40162","last_page":"40174"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probability-distribution","display_name":"Probability distribution","score":0.7047950625419617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6266067028045654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sight","display_name":"Sight","score":0.5893296003341675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line-of-sight","display_name":"Line-of-sight","score":0.5284155607223511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-line-of-sight-propagation","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","score":0.49952220916748047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probability-model","display_name":"Probability model","score":0.44919323921203613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line","display_name":"Line (geometry)","score":0.44852936267852783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2338351607322693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.22270113229751587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.21135130524635315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.11253535747528076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10294118523597717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.1027483344078064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.0822414755821228}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149441793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200726","display_name":"Probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.7047950625419617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6266067028045654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1517167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134322","display_name":"Sight","level":2,"score":0.5893296003341675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780928442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6553027","display_name":"Line-of-sight","level":2,"score":0.5284155607223511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154910267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1740982","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","level":3,"score":0.49952220916748047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984179964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Probability model","level":2,"score":0.44919323921203613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.44852936267852783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2338351607322693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.22270113229751587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.21135130524635315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.11253535747528076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10294118523597717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.1027483344078064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0822414755821228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3267808","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3267808","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10103694.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9f98c2112a144561be3974c412c20bf3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9f98c2112a144561be3974c412c20bf3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 40162-40174 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3267808","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3267808","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10103694.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8399999737739563,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8495575622","display_name":"Airborne Base Station Communication Systems: Capacity and Optimization","funder_award_id":"DP200101627","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","funder_display_name":"Australian Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","display_name":"Australian Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05mmh0f86"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4366202012.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4366202012.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2031834036","https://openalex.org/W2070449754","https://openalex.org/W2093124599","https://openalex.org/W2113274749","https://openalex.org/W2136734438","https://openalex.org/W2167156358","https://openalex.org/W2289204537","https://openalex.org/W2412503523","https://openalex.org/W2593512231","https://openalex.org/W2609053064","https://openalex.org/W2798444003","https://openalex.org/W2802778578","https://openalex.org/W2910072269","https://openalex.org/W2944398350","https://openalex.org/W2962691117","https://openalex.org/W2962829315","https://openalex.org/W2963615009","https://openalex.org/W2964310887","https://openalex.org/W2964313027","https://openalex.org/W2976726673","https://openalex.org/W2979919007","https://openalex.org/W2980508490","https://openalex.org/W2984035125","https://openalex.org/W2998280308","https://openalex.org/W3010715985","https://openalex.org/W3040422151","https://openalex.org/W3047990526","https://openalex.org/W3102696584","https://openalex.org/W3105288790","https://openalex.org/W3120420963","https://openalex.org/W3158266076","https://openalex.org/W3162260793","https://openalex.org/W3174396440","https://openalex.org/W3177785623","https://openalex.org/W3179166617","https://openalex.org/W3194214686","https://openalex.org/W3196663515"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386212472","https://openalex.org/W2144201814","https://openalex.org/W2367993652","https://openalex.org/W2108958692","https://openalex.org/W2995826996","https://openalex.org/W2948901907","https://openalex.org/W2072419077","https://openalex.org/W2052253596","https://openalex.org/W2982685408","https://openalex.org/W2361078145"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,41,66,81,91,124,133],"new":[4],"approach":[5],"to":[6,48,58,132],"estimate":[7,93,102],"the":[8,26,36,45,49,53,56,59,70,77,87,95,103,111,128,137],"probability":[9,27,72,89,96,104],"of":[10,28,32,97,105,119],"line-of-sight":[11],"(LoS)":[12],"for":[13,44,69,73,94,123],"unmanned":[14],"aerial":[15],"vehicle":[16],"(UAV)":[17],"communications.":[18],"We":[19,39,84,114],"provide":[20,40,65],"lower":[21],"and":[22],"upper":[23],"bounds":[24],"on":[25,62,136],"LoS":[29,106],"in":[30,126],"terms":[31],"what":[33],"we":[34,64],"call":[35],"first-building-LoS":[37,71,88],"probability.":[38],"statistical":[42],"model":[43],"ground":[46],"distance":[47],"first":[50],"building":[51,78],"along":[52],"line":[54],"from":[55],"user":[57],"UAV.":[60],"Based":[61],"this":[63],"general":[67],"formula":[68],"urban":[74],"environments":[75],"where":[76],"heights":[79],"follow":[80],"Rayleigh":[82],"distribution.":[83],"show":[85],"that":[86],"is":[90],"good":[92],"LoS.":[98],"Our":[99],"closed-form":[100,117],"formulas":[101],"significantly":[107],"more":[108],"accurately":[109],"than":[110],"existing":[112],"approaches.":[113],"also":[115],"obtain":[116],"estimates":[118],"Area":[120],"Line-of-Sight":[121],"Probabilities":[122],"scenario":[125],"which":[127],"UAV":[129],"provides":[130],"coverage":[131],"circular":[134],"region":[135],"ground.":[138]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}