{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4365420336","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3266652","title":"The StarCraft Multi-Agent Exploration Challenges: Learning Multi-Stage Tasks and Environmental Factors Without Precise Reward Functions","display_name":"The StarCraft Multi-Agent Exploration Challenges: Learning Multi-Stage Tasks and Environmental Factors Without Precise Reward Functions","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4365420336","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3266652"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3266652","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3266652","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3266652","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100620588","display_name":"Mingyu Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5082-7223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingyu Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kim Jaechul Graduate School of AI, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5082-7223","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kim Jaechul Graduate School of AI, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016410893","display_name":"Jihwan Oh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3274-4533"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184908088","display_name":"Korea Military Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/024ctqw02","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184908088"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jihwan Oh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics and Law, Korea Military Academy, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics and Law, Korea Military Academy, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184908088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031881608","display_name":"Yongsik Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2461-2266"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongsik Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kim Jaechul Graduate School of AI, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kim Jaechul Graduate School of AI, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021085329","display_name":"Joonkee Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2155-6556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joonkee Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kim Jaechul Graduate School of AI, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2155-6556","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kim Jaechul Graduate School of AI, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100654659","display_name":"Seong-Hwan Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3842-3821"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seonghwan Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kim Jaechul Graduate School of AI, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kim Jaechul Graduate School of AI, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102076010","display_name":"Song Chong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Song Chong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kim Jaechul Graduate School of AI, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kim Jaechul Graduate School of AI, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091674853","display_name":"Se-Young Yun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6675-5113"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seyoung Yun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kim Jaechul Graduate School of AI, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6675-5113","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kim Jaechul Graduate School of AI, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1950},"apc_paid":{"value":1950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1950},"fwci":0.525,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71802597,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"37854","last_page":"37868"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.979200005531311,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9301999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offensive","display_name":"Offensive","score":0.8596113920211792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.842108964920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.8230513334274292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7591933012008667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5641183853149414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.49878954887390137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.21180075407028198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13628298044204712}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176856949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001676","display_name":"Offensive","level":2,"score":0.8596113920211792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.842108964920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.8230513334274292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7591933012008667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5641183853149414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.49878954887390137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.21180075407028198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13628298044204712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3266652","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3266652","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:30b48c09878440118716ad7bf491d459","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/30b48c09878440118716ad7bf491d459","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 37854-37868 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3266652","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3266652","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1575656471","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(UD190031RD)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334874","funder_display_name":"Defense Acquisition Program Administration"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334874","display_name":"Defense Acquisition Program Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/04bjg9m96"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1641379095","https://openalex.org/W2150468603","https://openalex.org/W2158782408","https://openalex.org/W2602275733","https://openalex.org/W2617547828","https://openalex.org/W2620290674","https://openalex.org/W2626637010","https://openalex.org/W2749807327","https://openalex.org/W2765302304","https://openalex.org/W2781726626","https://openalex.org/W2803308811","https://openalex.org/W2894976951","https://openalex.org/W2949963774","https://openalex.org/W2952011561","https://openalex.org/W2963864421","https://openalex.org/W2994073215","https://openalex.org/W3028830971","https://openalex.org/W3038298277","https://openalex.org/W3091760249","https://openalex.org/W3117280628","https://openalex.org/W3123636359","https://openalex.org/W3130263801","https://openalex.org/W3133438440","https://openalex.org/W3154630319","https://openalex.org/W3163926178","https://openalex.org/W3166318878","https://openalex.org/W3170381145","https://openalex.org/W3214310824","https://openalex.org/W4286748781","https://openalex.org/W4286858208","https://openalex.org/W4287757834","https://openalex.org/W4288594419","https://openalex.org/W4294217238","https://openalex.org/W4295313133","https://openalex.org/W4295598622","https://openalex.org/W4295719664","https://openalex.org/W4298876402","https://openalex.org/W4299802797","https://openalex.org/W6635944916","https://openalex.org/W6683300800","https://openalex.org/W6684921986","https://openalex.org/W6685278575","https://openalex.org/W6738165965","https://openalex.org/W6738796088","https://openalex.org/W6739516088","https://openalex.org/W6743756900","https://openalex.org/W6745935785","https://openalex.org/W6747473740","https://openalex.org/W6749304979","https://openalex.org/W6751629939","https://openalex.org/W6755069753","https://openalex.org/W6755655695","https://openalex.org/W6758846586","https://openalex.org/W6762491519","https://openalex.org/W6769035977","https://openalex.org/W6771750343","https://openalex.org/W6772034216","https://openalex.org/W6784778700","https://openalex.org/W6789172296","https://openalex.org/W6790997415","https://openalex.org/W6791043475","https://openalex.org/W6793444178","https://openalex.org/W6795139234","https://openalex.org/W6795908048","https://openalex.org/W6796436736","https://openalex.org/W6840380725","https://openalex.org/W7037219992"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,98],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,171,188,218],"propose":[4,219],"a":[5,36,142,185,196,220],"novel":[6],"benchmark":[7,38],"called":[8],"the":[9,65,71,99,167,211],"StarCraft":[10],"Multi-Agent":[11,40,227],"Exploration":[12],"Challenges(SMAC-Exp),":[13],"where":[14],"agents":[15,50,102,117,124],"learn":[16,79,104],"to":[17,22,77,105,118,126,132,138,166],"perform":[18,161],"multi-stage":[19,81],"tasks":[20,82],"and":[21,83,95,109,150,156],"use":[23,119],"environmental":[24,84],"factors":[25,85],"without":[26],"precise":[27],"reward":[28,61],"functions.":[29,62],"The":[30,113],"previous":[31,168],"challenges":[32],"(SMAC)":[33],"recognized":[34],"as":[35,86,88],"standard":[37],"of":[39,74,154,215],"Reinforcement":[41,228],"Learning":[42,229],"are":[43],"mainly":[44],"concerned":[45],"with":[46,59],"ensuring":[47],"that":[48,158,173,190,206],"all":[49],"cooperatively":[51],"eliminate":[52,111],"approaching":[53],"adversaries":[54],"only":[55],"through":[56],"fine":[57],"manipulation":[58],"obvious":[60],"SMAC-Exp,":[63,200],"on":[64,181,199],"other":[66],"hand,":[67],"is":[68,203],"interested":[69],"in":[70,163],"exploration":[72,182,193],"capability":[73],"MARL":[75,145],"algorithms":[76,146,208],"efficiently":[78],"implicit":[80],"well":[87,162],"micro-control.":[89],"This":[90],"study":[91],"covers":[92],"both":[93,148],"offensive":[94,100],"defensive":[96,114],"scenarios.":[97],"scenarios,":[101],"must":[103],"first":[106],"find":[107],"opponents":[108],"then":[110],"them.":[112],"scenarios":[115,214],"require":[116],"topographic":[120],"features.":[121],"For":[122],"example,":[123],"need":[125],"position":[127],"themselves":[128],"behind":[129],"protective":[130],"structures":[131],"make":[133],"it":[134],"harder":[135],"for":[136,223],"enemies":[137],"attack.":[139],"We":[140],"investigate":[141],"total":[143],"twelve":[144],"under":[147],"sequential":[149],"parallel":[151],"episode":[152],"settings":[153,165],"SMAC-Exp":[155],"observe":[157,189],"recent":[159],"approaches":[160,176],"similar":[164],"challenge,":[169],"but":[170],"discover":[172],"current":[174],"multi-agent":[175],"place":[177],"relatively":[178],"less":[179],"emphasis":[180],"perspectives.":[183],"To":[184],"limited":[186],"extent,":[187],"an":[191],"enhanced":[192],"method":[194],"has":[195],"positive":[197],"effect":[198],"however":[201],"there":[202],"still":[204],"gap":[205],"state-of-art":[207],"cannot":[209],"resolve":[210],"most":[212],"challenging":[213],"SMAC-Exp.":[216],"Consequently,":[217],"new":[221],"axis":[222],"future":[224],"research":[225],"into":[226],"studies.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
