{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4361984759","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3263489","title":"NIRS Data Augmentation Technique to Detect Hemodynamic Peaks During Self-Paced Motor Imagery","display_name":"NIRS Data Augmentation Technique to Detect Hemodynamic Peaks During Self-Paced Motor Imagery","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4361984759","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3263489"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3263489","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3263489","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10089413.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10089413.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zephaniah Phillips \u2164","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5021-2368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zephaniah Phillips \u2164","raw_affiliation_strings":["Global Health Technology Research Center, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","College of Health Science, Global Health Technology Research Center, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5021-2368","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Global Health Technology Research Center, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Health Science, Global Health Technology Research Center, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066989162","display_name":"Seung-ho Paik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6993-3229"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145660","display_name":"Bio-Medical Science (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/046p12h21","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145660"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seung-Ho Paik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Global Health Technology Research Center, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","College of Health Science, Global Health Technology Research Center, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","KLIEN Inc., Seoul Biohub, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6993-3229","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Global Health Technology Research Center, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Health Science, Global Health Technology Research Center, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KLIEN Inc., Seoul Biohub, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100407263","display_name":"Seung Hyun Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1109-6787"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seung-Hyun Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1109-6787","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100684016","display_name":"Eun-Jeong Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7534-4680"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eun-Jeong Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7534-4680","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069225505","display_name":"Beop\u2010Min Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1056-5078"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beop-Min Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1056-5078","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.313,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.52451377,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"37313","last_page":"37323"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-imagery","display_name":"Motor imagery","score":0.8483637571334839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overfitting","display_name":"Overfitting","score":0.8173002004623413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.7785224914550781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7281761169433594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7106665372848511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.612755537033081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4716973304748535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain\u2013computer-interface","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","score":0.4319005310535431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.4214909076690674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.28932780027389526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.23621967434883118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.1279411017894745}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54808283","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6918191","display_name":"Motor imagery","level":4,"score":0.8483637571334839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.8173002004623413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.7785224914550781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7281761169433594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7106665372848511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.612755537033081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4716973304748535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173201364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","level":3,"score":0.4319005310535431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4214909076690674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.28932780027389526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.23621967434883118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.1279411017894745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3263489","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3263489","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10089413.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7a2c436ac37747af840e18dc00101c67","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7a2c436ac37747af840e18dc00101c67","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 37313-37323 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3263489","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3263489","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10089413.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7400000095367432,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4179820782","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KMDF-RS-2022-00140478","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318847","funder_display_name":"Korea Medical Device Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4266627209","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2022-00140478","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318847","funder_display_name":"Korea Medical Device Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6359392706","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HI14C3477","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322107","funder_display_name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318847","display_name":"Korea Medical Device Development Fund","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322014","display_name":"Ministry of Food and Drug Safety","ror":"https://ror.org/01f7dp456"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322107","display_name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00fdzyk40"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4361984759.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4361984759.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1899185266","https://openalex.org/W1973638771","https://openalex.org/W1980786684","https://openalex.org/W1986362277","https://openalex.org/W1992529560","https://openalex.org/W1998663768","https://openalex.org/W2004995977","https://openalex.org/W2010872261","https://openalex.org/W2013802675","https://openalex.org/W2022021629","https://openalex.org/W2041621588","https://openalex.org/W2044722977","https://openalex.org/W2051652848","https://openalex.org/W2053565147","https://openalex.org/W2054013839","https://openalex.org/W2082590952","https://openalex.org/W2089589969","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2106991982","https://openalex.org/W2125956101","https://openalex.org/W2128333974","https://openalex.org/W2139759629","https://openalex.org/W2142800165","https://openalex.org/W2148702834","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2316791108","https://openalex.org/W2597030353","https://openalex.org/W2616247523","https://openalex.org/W2725476426","https://openalex.org/W2755510477","https://openalex.org/W2767622177","https://openalex.org/W2787185882","https://openalex.org/W2954996726","https://openalex.org/W2986650563","https://openalex.org/W2992511782","https://openalex.org/W2995709278","https://openalex.org/W3000741860","https://openalex.org/W3009010606","https://openalex.org/W3022872014","https://openalex.org/W3046296398","https://openalex.org/W3087646487","https://openalex.org/W3096801855","https://openalex.org/W3102564565","https://openalex.org/W3171873561","https://openalex.org/W3196321691","https://openalex.org/W4292324313","https://openalex.org/W4312322163","https://openalex.org/W4322575544","https://openalex.org/W6639927594","https://openalex.org/W6674330103"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977940006","https://openalex.org/W2887556756","https://openalex.org/W2947925238","https://openalex.org/W195417223","https://openalex.org/W3040691452","https://openalex.org/W1984377984","https://openalex.org/W1961545574","https://openalex.org/W3045772920","https://openalex.org/W2510077457","https://openalex.org/W2047816336"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Optical":[0],"brain":[1,11],"monitoring,":[2],"such":[3,65],"as":[4,66],"near-infrared":[5],"spectroscopy":[6],"(NIRS),":[7],"has":[8],"facilitated":[9],"numerous":[10],"studies,":[12],"including":[13],"those":[14],"based":[15,77],"on":[16,78,135],"machine":[17,29],"learning":[18,30],"techniques.":[19],"A":[20],"large":[21],"and":[22,49,73,90,107,193],"diverse":[23],"dataset":[24,116],"is":[25,44],"necessary":[26],"for":[27,190],"training":[28,85,115,134],"algorithms":[31],"to":[32,47,82,101,125,149],"avoid":[33],"overfitting":[34],"a":[35,103,129],"limited":[36],"amount":[37],"of":[38,155,161],"data.":[39,86,112,158],"However,":[40],"recruiting":[41],"sufficient":[42],"subjects":[43],"challenging":[45],"owing":[46],"time":[48],"budget":[50],"constraints.":[51],"Therefore,":[52],"we":[53,141],"propose":[54],"an":[55],"NIRS":[56,62,99],"data":[57,94,100,120,137],"generation":[58],"algorithm":[59],"that":[60,176],"scales":[61],"signal":[63],"components,":[64],"hemodynamic":[67],"response":[68],"function,":[69],"physiological":[70],"systemic":[71],"noise,":[72,76],"instrumental":[74],"spike":[75],"the":[79,84,109,114,122,151,156,167,177,183,187],"source-detector":[80],"distance":[81],"augment":[83],"Experimental":[87],"self-paced":[88,171],"left-":[89,192],"right-hand":[91,194],"motor":[92,110,172,195],"imagery":[93,111],"were":[95],"augmented":[96],"with":[97,117,133,166],"generated":[98,119],"train":[102],"convolutional":[104],"neural":[105],"network":[106],"classify":[108],"Augmenting":[113],"1000":[118],"increased":[121,178],"classification":[123],"accuracy":[124],"86.3":[126],"\u00b1":[127],"4.1%,":[128],"26%":[130],"increase":[131],"compared":[132],"experimental":[136],"only.":[138],"In":[139],"addition,":[140],"applied":[142],"Guided":[143,162],"Gradient-weighted":[144],"Class":[145],"Activation":[146],"Mapping":[147],"(Grad-CAM)":[148],"visualize":[150],"class":[152],"discriminative":[153],"features":[154],"input":[157],"The":[159],"peaks":[160,169],"Grad-CAM":[163],"heatmaps":[164],"aligned":[165],"oxy-hemoglobin":[168],"during":[170],"imagery.":[173,196],"We":[174],"concluded":[175],"cerebral":[179],"oxygenation,":[180],"especially":[181],"in":[182],"contralateral":[184],"hemisphere,":[185],"was":[186],"class-discriminative":[188],"feature":[189],"classifying":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
