{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4361857361","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3263277","title":"Device-Free Indoor Localization Based on Multidimensional CSI Features Classification","display_name":"Device-Free Indoor Localization Based on Multidimensional CSI Features Classification","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4361857361","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3263277"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3263277","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3263277","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10087268.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10087268.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074472531","display_name":"Liufeng Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4470-3969"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163247","display_name":"Henan Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0578f1k82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163247"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liufeng Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4470-3969","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163247"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059757003","display_name":"Xi-Yan Tian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163247","display_name":"Henan Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0578f1k82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163247"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiyan Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163247"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047250217","display_name":"Linghua Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-5364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linghua Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Communication and Network Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Communication and Network Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003955284","display_name":"Shaoru Shang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163247","display_name":"Henan Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0578f1k82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163247"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaoru Shang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163247"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064149512","display_name":"Xin Ning","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1476-0989"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163247","display_name":"Henan Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0578f1k82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163247"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Ning","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163247"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.5807,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64615585,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"32548","last_page":"32563"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8216291069984436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-state-information","display_name":"Channel state information","score":0.7981500625610352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tensor","display_name":"Tensor (intrinsic definition)","score":0.5094192624092102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matrix-decomposition","display_name":"Matrix decomposition","score":0.49935030937194824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rank","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","score":0.4895811975002289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.4753386974334717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4740692675113678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.45756983757019043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4564530849456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4532143473625183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-negative-matrix-factorization","display_name":"Non-negative matrix factorization","score":0.4136573374271393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3937305212020874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.15188339352607727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14328858256340027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.13476034998893738}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8216291069984436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.7981500625610352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155281189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3518150","display_name":"Tensor (intrinsic definition)","level":2,"score":0.5094192624092102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42355184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361088","display_name":"Matrix decomposition","level":3,"score":0.49935030937194824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164226766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293202","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.4895811975002289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.4753386974334717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4740692675113678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.45756983757019043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4564530849456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4532143473625183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152671427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10843505","display_name":"Non-negative matrix factorization","level":4,"score":0.4136573374271393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3937305212020874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.15188339352607727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14328858256340027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.13476034998893738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158693339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190524","display_name":"Eigenvalues and eigenvectors","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3263277","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3263277","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10087268.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ea864f23f7f14d8e99b82d3f8b0f7502","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ea864f23f7f14d8e99b82d3f8b0f7502","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 32548-32563 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3263277","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3263277","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10087268.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1613623347","display_name":"\u9762\u5411\u7a00\u758f\u5e94\u7528\u573a\u666f\u7684\u65e0\u7ebf\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u7f51\u7edc\u5173\u952e\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61771258","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6672286992","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20B460008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335955","funder_display_name":"Key Scientific Research Project of Colleges and Universities in Henan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7465865377","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1804142","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323268","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324852","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324854","display_name":"University of Shanghai for Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00ay9v204"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325350","display_name":"Henan Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0578f1k82"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335955","display_name":"Key Scientific Research Project of Colleges and Universities in Henan Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4361857361.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4361857361.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W884630482","https://openalex.org/W1570935779","https://openalex.org/W2014758824","https://openalex.org/W2089695767","https://openalex.org/W2100556411","https://openalex.org/W2102509933","https://openalex.org/W2103972604","https://openalex.org/W2111986491","https://openalex.org/W2126300356","https://openalex.org/W2128190945","https://openalex.org/W2143228105","https://openalex.org/W2164692160","https://openalex.org/W2345276999","https://openalex.org/W2460055519","https://openalex.org/W2483186014","https://openalex.org/W2524477929","https://openalex.org/W2591820339","https://openalex.org/W2736051620","https://openalex.org/W2743415265","https://openalex.org/W2764026391","https://openalex.org/W2810466531","https://openalex.org/W2890784233","https://openalex.org/W2912136746","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2931750383","https://openalex.org/W2944172587","https://openalex.org/W2952065976","https://openalex.org/W2964214749","https://openalex.org/W3012275572","https://openalex.org/W3025790845","https://openalex.org/W3124372841","https://openalex.org/W3129209929","https://openalex.org/W3133993667","https://openalex.org/W3135159816","https://openalex.org/W3136666733","https://openalex.org/W3187925434","https://openalex.org/W3199955931","https://openalex.org/W4287778862","https://openalex.org/W4292363360","https://openalex.org/W6616837769","https://openalex.org/W6634185882","https://openalex.org/W6774566617","https://openalex.org/W6929385289"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2127243424","https://openalex.org/W4390394189","https://openalex.org/W2037504162","https://openalex.org/W2539013788","https://openalex.org/W2792706544","https://openalex.org/W1568451138","https://openalex.org/W2156699640","https://openalex.org/W2045265907","https://openalex.org/W2972997031","https://openalex.org/W34555840"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,58,67,113,145,168,202,222,225],"rapid":[2],"development":[3],"of":[4,115,126,171,224],"location-based":[5],"service":[6],"applications":[7],"in":[8,30,49,76,209],"recent":[9],"years,":[10],"indoor":[11],"localization":[12,97],"based":[13,143],"on":[14,144],"Wi-Fi":[15],"channel":[16],"state":[17],"information":[18,62,125,178],"(CSI)":[19],"has":[20],"attracted":[21],"extensive":[22],"attention.":[23],"Although":[24],"spatial":[25,59,157,211],"variations":[26],"are":[27],"explicitly":[28],"reflected":[29],"CSI":[31,77,101,127,146,151,205],"measurements,":[32,117],"representation":[33],"differences":[34],"caused":[35],"by":[36,44,64],"small":[37,73],"contextual":[38],"changes":[39,75],"tend":[40],"to":[41,71,83,128,200,206],"be":[42],"submerged":[43],"overall":[45],"multipath":[46],"fluctuations,":[47],"especially":[48],"device-free":[50,96],"localization.":[51],"Most":[52],"existing":[53],"model-based":[54],"solutions":[55],"either":[56],"underutilize":[57],"and":[60,148,167,190,215],"time-frequency":[61,135,169],"carried":[63],"CSI,":[65,172],"or":[66],"employed":[68],"models":[69],"fail":[70],"capture":[72],"representational":[74],"well,":[78],"which":[79],"makes":[80],"them":[81],"struggle":[82],"get":[84],"satisfactory":[85],"expectations.":[86],"To":[87],"address":[88],"these":[89],"problems,":[90],"this":[91],"paper":[92],"proposes":[93],"a":[94,120,134,149,161,173,196],"progressive":[95,197],"scheme":[98],"using":[99,160],"multidimensional":[100,177],"features":[102,114],"classification,":[103],"named":[104],"ProLoc.":[105,227],"Different":[106],"from":[107,204],"previous":[108],"works":[109],"that":[110],"directly":[111],"extract":[112],"raw":[116],"ProLoc":[118],"constructs":[119],"model":[121],"input":[122,182],"containing":[123,176],"multi-category":[124],"perform":[129],"better":[130],"location":[131],"inference.":[132],"First,":[133],"correlation":[136],"matrix":[137,164],"with":[138,156,217],"low":[139],"rank":[140],"is":[141,153,179],"created":[142],"amplitude,":[147],"3-order":[150],"tensor":[152,175],"planned":[154],"combined":[155],"diversity.":[158],"Second,":[159],"novel":[162],"low-rank":[163],"factorization":[165],"algorithm":[166],"gradients":[170],"4-order":[174],"generated":[180],"as":[181],"data.":[183],"Finally,":[184],"employing":[185],"3D":[186],"convolutional":[187],"neural":[188],"networks":[189],"gated":[191],"recurrent":[192],"unit,":[193],"we":[194],"build":[195],"dual-model":[198],"system":[199],"realize":[201],"mapping":[203],"target":[207],"locations":[208],"various":[210],"contexts.":[212],"Extensive":[213],"self-evaluations":[214],"comparisons":[216],"several":[218],"state-of-the-art":[219],"methods":[220],"highlight":[221],"superiority":[223],"proposed":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
