{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4360897899","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3261568","title":"Redesigning the Serpent Algorithm by PA-Loop and Its Image Encryption Application","display_name":"Redesigning the Serpent Algorithm by PA-Loop and Its Image Encryption Application","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4360897899","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3261568"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3261568","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3261568","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10080958.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10080958.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101674297","display_name":"Sadam Hussain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6474-0452"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135941","display_name":"GIFT University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tb22w36","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135941"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sadam Hussain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Government Graduate College, Qila Didar Singh, Gujranwala, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6474-0452","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Government Graduate College, Qila Didar Singh, Gujranwala, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087152064","display_name":"Muhammad Asif","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5684-4737"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87482320","display_name":"University of Management and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0095xcq10","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Asif","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, University of Management and Technology, Sialkot Campus, Sialkot, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5684-4737","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, University of Management and Technology, Sialkot Campus, Sialkot, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059990662","display_name":"Tariq Shah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6587-1638"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12469534","display_name":"Quaid-i-Azam University","ror":"https://ror.org/04s9hft57","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12469534"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tariq Shah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6587-1638","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12469534"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027267475","display_name":"Abid Mahboob","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8784-6206"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130814776","display_name":"University of Okara","ror":"https://ror.org/02fmg6q11","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130814776"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5100685","display_name":"University of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/052z7nw84","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5100685"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abid Mahboob","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5100685","https://openalex.org/I3130814776"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077423502","display_name":"Sayed M. Eldin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3151-9967"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186217134","display_name":"Future University in Egypt","ror":"https://ror.org/03s8c2x09","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186217134"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sayed M. Eldin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Research, Faculty of Engineering, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Research, Faculty of Engineering, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186217134"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.1379,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8938825,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"29698","last_page":"29710"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9886999726295471,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6681386828422546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.6461872458457947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.6305700540542603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/serpent","display_name":"Serpent (symbolism)","score":0.5894955396652222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-space","display_name":"Key space","score":0.5838230848312378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block-cipher","display_name":"Block cipher","score":0.5435280203819275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5435275435447693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-size","display_name":"Key size","score":0.538633406162262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomness","display_name":"Randomness","score":0.4909513294696808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.48129358887672424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4612103998661041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.26692846417427063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.20356446504592896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.09768864512443542}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6681386828422546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.6461872458457947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.6305700540542603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64001112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q721221","display_name":"Serpent (symbolism)","level":2,"score":0.5894955396652222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105322999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1557574","display_name":"Key space","level":3,"score":0.5838230848312378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106544461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q543151","display_name":"Block cipher","level":3,"score":0.5435280203819275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5435275435447693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47750902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1557574","display_name":"Key size","level":4,"score":0.538633406162262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125112378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176640","display_name":"Randomness","level":2,"score":0.4909513294696808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.48129358887672424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4612103998661041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.26692846417427063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.20356446504592896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.09768864512443542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3261568","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3261568","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10080958.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:14f9022a1afc42308b6ec5b3ed44721a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/14f9022a1afc42308b6ec5b3ed44721a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 29698-29710 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3261568","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3261568","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10080958.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6299999952316284,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4360897899.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4360897899.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1518029257","https://openalex.org/W1642077190","https://openalex.org/W1979097248","https://openalex.org/W1990178832","https://openalex.org/W2000093475","https://openalex.org/W2041997733","https://openalex.org/W2078697326","https://openalex.org/W2105225880","https://openalex.org/W2549266255","https://openalex.org/W2561013577","https://openalex.org/W2592206357","https://openalex.org/W2595933534","https://openalex.org/W2670495922","https://openalex.org/W2765497248","https://openalex.org/W2802102002","https://openalex.org/W2891995194","https://openalex.org/W2945904992","https://openalex.org/W2963114277","https://openalex.org/W2964744763","https://openalex.org/W2970884539","https://openalex.org/W2996092700","https://openalex.org/W2998959166","https://openalex.org/W3009188349","https://openalex.org/W3024080860","https://openalex.org/W3037081264","https://openalex.org/W3037353307","https://openalex.org/W3081303806","https://openalex.org/W3163664435","https://openalex.org/W3166239349","https://openalex.org/W3176949319","https://openalex.org/W4200512327","https://openalex.org/W4205786578","https://openalex.org/W4210924377","https://openalex.org/W4312576696","https://openalex.org/W4312616727","https://openalex.org/W4312853750","https://openalex.org/W4312953272","https://openalex.org/W6637035397"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1558609276","https://openalex.org/W2614647605","https://openalex.org/W2094482463","https://openalex.org/W2176792445","https://openalex.org/W3170017104","https://openalex.org/W2898739679","https://openalex.org/W3154296659","https://openalex.org/W2949469848","https://openalex.org/W2404808217","https://openalex.org/W2113275850"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,101,113],"article":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,66,140,146],"cryptographic":[4,114],"encryption":[5,119],"standard":[6],"whose":[7],"model":[8],"is":[9,46,73,122,152],"based":[10],"on":[11],"Serpent":[12],"presented":[13],"by":[14],"Eli":[15],"Biham,":[16],"Ross":[17],"Anderson,":[18],"and":[19,38,56,75,86,95,120,124,145],"Lars":[20],"Knudsen.":[21],"The":[22,42,70,132],"modification":[23],"lies":[24],"in":[25,52,77],"the":[26,29,58,103],"design":[27],"of":[28,40,54,79,118,135,142,149],"Cipher,":[30],"we":[31],"have":[32,96],"used":[33],"power":[34],"associative":[35],"(PA)":[36],"loop":[37],"group":[39],"permutations.":[41],"proposed":[43,71],"mathematical":[44,111],"structure":[45],"superior":[47],"to":[48,60,65,90,105,127,154],"Galois":[49],"Field":[50],"(GF)":[51],"terms":[53,78],"complexity":[55],"has":[57],"ability":[59],"create":[61],"arbitrary":[62],"randomness":[63],"due":[64],"larger":[67],"key":[68,141],"space.":[69],"method":[72],"simple":[74],"speedy":[76],"computations,":[80],"meanwhile":[81],"it":[82],"affirms":[83],"higher":[84],"security":[85],"sensitivity.":[87],"In":[88],"contrast":[89],"GF,":[91],"PA-loop":[92],"are":[93],"non-isomorphic":[94],"several":[97],"Cayley":[98],"table":[99],"representations.":[100],"validates":[102],"resistance":[104],"cryptanalytic":[106],"attacks,":[107],"particularly":[108],"those":[109],"targeting":[110],"structures.":[112],"scheme\u2019s":[115],"full":[116],"description":[117],"decryption":[121],"measured":[123],"rigorously":[125],"assessed":[126],"support":[128],"its":[129],"multimedia":[130],"applications.":[131],"observed":[133],"speed":[134],"this":[136],"technique,":[137],"which":[138],"uses":[139],"256":[143],"bits":[144],"block":[147],"size":[148],"128":[150],"bits,":[151],"comparable":[153],"three-key":[155],"triple-DES.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-06T08:01:05.025921","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}