{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4327521559","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3257281","title":"Phantom Car Attack Detection via Passive Opportunistic RF Localization","display_name":"Phantom Car Attack Detection via Passive Opportunistic RF Localization","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4327521559","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3257281"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3257281","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3257281","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10070779.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10070779.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011856267","display_name":"Alexander M. Wyglinski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3357-0064"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander M. Wyglinski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3357-0064","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017661328","display_name":"Thanuka L. Wickramarathne","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3235-2548"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133738476","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Lowell","ror":"https://ror.org/03hamhx47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thanuka Wickramarathne","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048737692","display_name":"Danjue Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4170-0276"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133738476","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Lowell","ror":"https://ror.org/03hamhx47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danjue Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044192765","display_name":"Nicholas J. Kirsch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0538-4256"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161057412","display_name":"University of New Hampshire","ror":"https://ror.org/01rmh9n78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161057412"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas J. Kirsch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0538-4256","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161057412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059737189","display_name":"Kuldeep S. Gill","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3137-9573"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kuldeep S. Gill","raw_affiliation_strings":["Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3137-9573","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005022394","display_name":"Taru Jain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2664-0711"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1302485747","display_name":"Verizon (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02vdyxx64","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1302485747"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taru Jain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Verizon, Waltham, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Verizon, Waltham, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1302485747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112379316","display_name":"Varun Garg","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133738476","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Lowell","ror":"https://ror.org/03hamhx47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Varun Garg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015388007","display_name":"Tienan Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133738476","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Lowell","ror":"https://ror.org/03hamhx47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tienan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101946722","display_name":"Shuva Paul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0785-4120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161057412","display_name":"University of New Hampshire","ror":"https://ror.org/01rmh9n78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161057412"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuva Paul","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161057412"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100688257","display_name":"Xi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8909-2201"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang Xi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering and Mechanics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering and Mechanics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1950},"apc_paid":{"value":1950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1950},"fwci":0.3321,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.49380672,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"27676","last_page":"27692"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6732858419418335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bluetooth","display_name":"Bluetooth","score":0.6381211876869202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.5196263194084167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.49944424629211426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.47153908014297485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.42924174666404724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.37435662746429443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.34886565804481506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2588474452495575}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6732858419418335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546215728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39531","display_name":"Bluetooth","level":3,"score":0.6381211876869202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.5196263194084167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.49944424629211426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.47153908014297485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.42924174666404724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.37435662746429443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.34886565804481506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2588474452495575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3257281","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3257281","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10070779.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.arizona.edu:10150/673763","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10150/673763","pdf_url":"https://repository.arizona.edu/bitstream/10150/673763/1/Phantom_Car_Attack.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400271","display_name":"UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","host_organization_name":"University of Arizona","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d72670f057c84bfcb7e1b1af5a3d30e6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d72670f057c84bfcb7e1b1af5a3d30e6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 27676-27692 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:15113969","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3257281","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3257281","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3257281","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10070779.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G17143793","display_name":"EARS: Adaptive Behavioral Responses for Dynamic Spectrum Access-Based Connected Vehicle Networks","funder_award_id":"1547291","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307819","display_name":"Verizon","ror":"https://ror.org/02vdyxx64"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4327521559.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4327521559.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W76828661","https://openalex.org/W131639980","https://openalex.org/W1576314280","https://openalex.org/W1584244501","https://openalex.org/W1976032477","https://openalex.org/W1979154650","https://openalex.org/W1982332108","https://openalex.org/W2017253780","https://openalex.org/W2040022332","https://openalex.org/W2047426952","https://openalex.org/W2050898050","https://openalex.org/W2065510297","https://openalex.org/W2076420009","https://openalex.org/W2119266139","https://openalex.org/W2119669635","https://openalex.org/W2133894594","https://openalex.org/W2143228105","https://openalex.org/W2160410737","https://openalex.org/W2219770862","https://openalex.org/W2249053460","https://openalex.org/W2275969031","https://openalex.org/W2334643484","https://openalex.org/W2344934580","https://openalex.org/W2406449872","https://openalex.org/W2528208478","https://openalex.org/W2534646108","https://openalex.org/W2549315536","https://openalex.org/W2620674893","https://openalex.org/W2741850495","https://openalex.org/W2756806844","https://openalex.org/W2766475308","https://openalex.org/W2770866044","https://openalex.org/W2787098960","https://openalex.org/W2791639158","https://openalex.org/W2808708240","https://openalex.org/W2917330724","https://openalex.org/W2938038694","https://openalex.org/W2941223119","https://openalex.org/W2953901595","https://openalex.org/W2955787963","https://openalex.org/W2965334107","https://openalex.org/W2972276086","https://openalex.org/W2975745324","https://openalex.org/W2976980813","https://openalex.org/W2980594531","https://openalex.org/W2984951157","https://openalex.org/W3005974859","https://openalex.org/W3006727493","https://openalex.org/W3011496749","https://openalex.org/W3013577831","https://openalex.org/W3035965352","https://openalex.org/W3098342240","https://openalex.org/W3099878876","https://openalex.org/W3103406720","https://openalex.org/W3136940357","https://openalex.org/W3157919628","https://openalex.org/W4225786537","https://openalex.org/W4255740205","https://openalex.org/W4285506463","https://openalex.org/W4290973808","https://openalex.org/W4313027809","https://openalex.org/W6628923987","https://openalex.org/W6631209646","https://openalex.org/W6677679177","https://openalex.org/W6756777732"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4220926637","https://openalex.org/W2362681120","https://openalex.org/W2376320007","https://openalex.org/W4376643979","https://openalex.org/W2322402661","https://openalex.org/W2389079374","https://openalex.org/W2372429262","https://openalex.org/W4242093584","https://openalex.org/W2365945961","https://openalex.org/W2369540926"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"novel":[1],"opportunistic":[2],"approach":[3,96,265],"of":[4,107,141,229,262,279],"passive":[5],"RF":[6,132,156,250,267],"localization":[7,32,166,209],"is":[8,239],"presented":[9],"for":[10,30,130],"detecting":[11],"\u201cphantom":[12],"car\u201d":[13],"attacks,i.e.,":[14],"vehicles":[15,23,55,71,108,124],"intentionally":[16,160],"reporting":[17],"false":[18],"position/velocity":[19,39],"information":[20,59,106],"to":[21,116,162,205],"surrounding":[22,122],"and":[24,127,175,216,247,271],"communication":[25,51],"networks.":[26],"Current":[27],"state-of-the-art":[28],"approaches":[29,52,67],"vehicle":[31,178,208,272],"mostly":[33],"rely":[34],"on":[35,110,144],"either:":[36],"(i)":[37],"self-reported":[38],"updates":[40],"obtained":[41],"via":[42,172,177],"navigation":[43],"technologies":[44],"such":[45],"as":[46,211,213],"GPS,":[47],"or":[48],"(ii)":[49],"cooperative":[50],"involving":[53],"multiple":[54],"exchanging":[56],"situational":[57],"awareness":[58],"with":[60,118],"each":[61],"other.":[62],"In":[63],"both":[64],"cases,":[65],"these":[66,123],"assume":[68],"that":[69,241],"all":[70],"involved":[72],"truthfully":[73],"share":[74],"their":[75,131],"actual":[76],"location":[77,105],"information,":[78],"which":[79],"might":[80],"not":[81,98,159],"be":[82,163],"the":[83,91,111,114,189,196,214,221,227,230,244,260,263,277],"case":[84],"if":[85],"malicious":[86],"users":[87],"are":[88,125,158,170],"present":[89],"within":[90,188,284],"traffic":[92],"flow.":[93],"The":[94],"proposed":[95,222,231,264],"does":[97],"make":[99],"this":[100,203],"assumption.":[101],"Rather,":[102],"it":[103],"extracts":[104],"operating":[109],"road":[112],"without":[113],"need":[115],"cooperate":[117],"them.":[119],"Multiple":[120],"sensors":[121],"opportunistically":[126],"passively":[128],"measured":[129],"emission":[133],"characteristics":[134,169],"(e.g.,":[135,151],"received":[136],"signal":[137],"strength,":[138],"time":[139],"difference":[140],"arrival)":[142],"based":[143],"using":[145],"on-board":[146],"widely":[147],"available":[148],"wireless":[149],"signals":[150],"5G,":[152],"Bluetooth,":[153],"WiFi).":[154],"These":[155],"emissions":[157,251],"designed":[161],"used":[164,201],"in":[165,202],"applications.":[167],"Their":[168],"processed":[171],"data":[173,269],"fusion":[174],"bounded":[176],"dynamics":[179,274],"behavioral":[180,273],"models":[181,243],"before":[182],"being":[183],"compared":[184],"against":[185],"reported":[186],"positions":[187],"vehicular":[190,245],"communications":[191],"network.":[192],"This":[193],"paper":[194],"presents":[195],"phantom":[197,281],"car":[198,282],"attack":[199],"model":[200],"work":[204],"compromise":[206],"conventional":[207],"techniques,":[210],"well":[212],"framework":[215],"its":[217,248],"respective":[218],"sub-components":[219],"implementing":[220],"detection":[223],"approach.":[224],"To":[225],"evaluate":[226],"feasibility":[228],"approach,":[232],"a":[233,254,285],"custom-built":[234],"Python-based":[235],"computer":[236],"simulation":[237],"platform":[238],"described":[240],"accurately":[242],"environment":[246],"associated":[249],"characteristics.":[252],"Finally,":[253],"simple":[255],"hardware":[256],"field":[257],"experiment":[258],"evaluating":[259],"performance":[261],"incorporating":[266],"localization,":[268],"fusion,":[270],"modules":[275],"illustrates":[276],"viability":[278],"identifying":[280],"attacks":[283],"non-cooperative":[286],"framework.":[287]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}