{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4324291927","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3257266","title":"Secure Industrial IoT Systems via RF Fingerprinting Under Impaired Channels With Interference and Noise","display_name":"Secure Industrial IoT Systems via RF Fingerprinting Under Impaired Channels With Interference and Noise","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4324291927","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3257266"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3257266","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3257266","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10068504.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10068504.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030636876","display_name":"\u00d6mer Melih G\u00fcl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0673-7877"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Omer Melih Gul","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0673-7877","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059104485","display_name":"Michel Kulhandjian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6692-7907"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michel Kulhandjian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003131477","display_name":"Burak Kantarc\u0131","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0220-7956"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Burak Kantarci","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0220-7956","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068764919","display_name":"Azzedine Touazi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0786-0014"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Azzedine Touazi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Solutions, ThinkRF, Ottawa, ON, Canada","Artificial Intelligence Solutions, thinkRF, Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0786-0014","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Solutions, ThinkRF, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Solutions, thinkRF, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001499973","display_name":"Cliff Ellement","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cliff Ellement","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Solutions, ThinkRF, Ottawa, ON, Canada","Artificial Intelligence Solutions, thinkRF, Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Solutions, ThinkRF, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Solutions, thinkRF, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056639114","display_name":"Claude D\u2019Amours","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5769-5868"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claude D\u2019amours","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5769-5868","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":6.0752,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":46,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97204434,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"26289","last_page":"26307"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12791","display_name":"Full-Duplex Wireless Communications","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8141388297080994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.6479207277297974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.6320168972015381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6047454476356506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.5852152705192566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.4937921464443207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.4794701337814331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.46399423480033875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.44815951585769653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3912530839443207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.3678901791572571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.36157914996147156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.25455692410469055}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8141388297080994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.6479207277297974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.6320168972015381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6047454476356506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.5852152705192566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.4937921464443207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.4794701337814331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.46399423480033875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.44815951585769653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3912530839443207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.3678901791572571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.36157914996147156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.25455692410469055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3257266","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3257266","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10068504.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d0dc61eb3313441ea2163a3981537302","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d0dc61eb3313441ea2163a3981537302","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 26289-26307 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3257266","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3257266","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10068504.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6499999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4324291927.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4324291927.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2119012490","https://openalex.org/W2134295053","https://openalex.org/W2596636257","https://openalex.org/W2604481500","https://openalex.org/W2773170971","https://openalex.org/W2777754251","https://openalex.org/W2790452209","https://openalex.org/W2895967125","https://openalex.org/W2903139904","https://openalex.org/W2916832800","https://openalex.org/W2963910109","https://openalex.org/W2983729222","https://openalex.org/W2999467118","https://openalex.org/W3021157052","https://openalex.org/W3043963370","https://openalex.org/W3045855741","https://openalex.org/W3092863397","https://openalex.org/W3094603038","https://openalex.org/W3095910127","https://openalex.org/W3125048251","https://openalex.org/W3135656071","https://openalex.org/W3136235398","https://openalex.org/W3191186757","https://openalex.org/W3210727143","https://openalex.org/W3212077527","https://openalex.org/W3215641372","https://openalex.org/W4206541522","https://openalex.org/W4224244016","https://openalex.org/W4224302133","https://openalex.org/W4226276696","https://openalex.org/W4229368658","https://openalex.org/W4254789671","https://openalex.org/W4285103009","https://openalex.org/W4308655556","https://openalex.org/W4309791565","https://openalex.org/W4311214755"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W96612179","https://openalex.org/W2770234245","https://openalex.org/W2987774938","https://openalex.org/W2566006169","https://openalex.org/W4256492088","https://openalex.org/W2355663289","https://openalex.org/W632915154","https://openalex.org/W4229499248","https://openalex.org/W4378874356","https://openalex.org/W2055733372"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Industrial":[0],"IoT-enabled":[1],"critical":[2,33],"infrastructures":[3],"are":[4,108,132,182],"susceptible":[5,67],"to":[6,10,47,68,113,143,197],"cyber":[7],"attacks":[8],"due":[9],"their":[11],"mission-critical":[12],"deployment.":[13],"To":[14],"ensure":[15],"security":[16,22],"by":[17,137],"design,":[18],"radio":[19],"frequency":[20],"(RF)-based":[21],"is":[23,66],"considered":[24,90],"an":[25,157,213],"effective":[26],"way":[27],"for":[28],"wirelessly":[29],"monitored":[30],"or":[31,60],"actuated":[32],"infrastructures.":[34],"For":[35],"this":[36,38],"purpose,":[37],"paper":[39,228],"presents":[40,230],"a":[41,57,80,91,122,139,149,185,231],"novel":[42],"augmentation-driven":[43],"deep":[44,150],"learning":[45,77,82,106,146,151],"approach":[46,142,237,322],"analyze":[48],"unique":[49],"transmitter":[50],"fingerprints":[51],"and":[52,71,128,247,250,276,325],"determine":[53],"the":[54,76,99,117,145,162,171,190,235,316,319],"legitimacy":[55],"of":[56,79,101,148,167,215,234,318],"user":[58],"device":[59],"transmitter.":[61],"An":[62],"RF":[63,118,176,191,201],"fingerprinting":[64,119,177],"model":[65],"various":[69],"channel":[70],"environmental":[72],"conditions":[73],"that":[74,96,262],"impact":[75,100],"performance":[78,107,147,178],"machine/deep":[81],"model.":[83,152],"As":[84],"data":[85,130,181,202,295],"gathering":[86],"cannot":[87],"always":[88],"be":[89,195],"feasible":[92],"alternative,":[93],"efficient":[94],"solutions":[95],"can":[97,194],"tackle":[98],"varying":[102],"propagation":[103],"channels":[104],"on":[105,116,170,199,271,292,308],"emergent.":[109],"This":[110,153],"work":[111,154,208],"aims":[112],"shed":[114],"light":[115],"problem":[120],"from":[121,134,204,296],"different":[123,135,239],"angle":[124],"when":[125,179],"4G,":[126],"5G,":[127],"WiFi":[129],"samples":[131],"collected":[133],"transmitters":[136],"proposing":[138],"fine-grained":[140,163,187,236,320],"augmentation":[141,164,225,321],"improve":[144],"also":[155,229],"proposes":[156],"enhanced":[158],"classifier":[159],"structure":[160],"following":[161],"approach.":[165,226],"Results":[166],"experiments,":[168],"conducted":[169],"POWDER":[172,297],"dataset,":[173],"demonstrate":[174],"promising":[175],"training":[180],"augmented":[183],"in":[184],"waveform-specific":[186],"manner.":[188],"Thus,":[189],"identification":[192],"accuracy":[193,214,266,286,303],"boosted":[196],"97.84%":[198],"unseen":[200],"instances":[203],"our":[205],"previously":[206],"published":[207],"where":[209],"we":[210],"had":[211],"achieved":[212],"87.94%":[216],"using":[217],"tapped":[218],"delay":[219,222],"line":[220,223],"(TDL)/clustered":[221],"(CDL)-based":[224],"The":[227,258],"sensitivity":[232,259],"analysis":[233,260],"concerning":[238],"signal-to-noise-ratio":[240],"(SNR),":[241],"signal-to-interference-ratio":[242],"(SIR)":[243],"levels":[244,253],"(20":[245],"dB":[246,269,290,306],"30":[248],"dB),":[249],"signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio":[251],"(SINR)":[252],"(15":[254],"dB,":[255],"25":[256],"dB).":[257],"exhibits":[261],"it":[263,283,300],"achieves":[264,284,301],"85.78%":[265],"at":[267,288,304],"20":[268,289],"SIR":[270],"both":[272],"Day":[273,277,293,309],"1":[274],"(train)":[275],"2":[278,294,310],"(test)":[279],"data.":[280,311],"In":[281],"addition,":[282],"92.37%":[285],"even":[287],"SNR":[291],"dataset.":[298],"Furthermore,":[299],"84.95%":[302],"15":[305],"SINR":[307],"Hence,":[312],"these":[313],"results":[314],"exhibit":[315],"resiliency":[317],"against":[323],"interference":[324],"noise.":[326]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-07-20T07:56:41.581041","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}