{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4324290821","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3257171","title":"Security Analysis of a Digital Twin Framework Using Probabilistic Model Checking","display_name":"Security Analysis of a Digital Twin Framework Using Probabilistic Model Checking","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4324290821","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3257171"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3257171","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3257171","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10068532.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10068532.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000834916","display_name":"Eman Shaikh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8690-1616"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199440890","display_name":"American University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/001g2fj96","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eman Shaikh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8690-1616","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009297761","display_name":"A. R. Al-Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6902-5092"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138564716","display_name":"Prince Mohammad bin Fahd University","ror":"https://ror.org/03d64na34","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138564716"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199440890","display_name":"American University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/001g2fj96","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]}],"countries":["AE","SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. R. Al-Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cybersecurity Center, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6902-5092","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cybersecurity Center, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138564716"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046127152","display_name":"Shahabuddin Muhammad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6253-0873"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138564716","display_name":"Prince Mohammad bin Fahd University","ror":"https://ror.org/03d64na34","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138564716"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahabuddin Muhammad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cybersecurity Center, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia","Cybersecurity Center, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6253-0873","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cybersecurity Center, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138564716"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cybersecurity Center, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138564716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027538068","display_name":"Nazeeruddin Mohammad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3580-5960"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138564716","display_name":"Prince Mohammad bin Fahd University","ror":"https://ror.org/03d64na34","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138564716"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nazeeruddin Mohammad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cybersecurity Center, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia","Cybersecurity Center, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3580-5960","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cybersecurity Center, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138564716"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cybersecurity Center, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138564716"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066105108","display_name":"Fadi Aloul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5129-7789"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199440890","display_name":"American University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/001g2fj96","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Aloul","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5129-7789","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":6.005,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96280956,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"26358","last_page":"26374"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11741","display_name":"Flexible and Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems","score":0.977400004863739,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8051812648773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.6187995672225952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.47602301836013794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.4366668462753296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.4351125955581665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4298906922340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.39054393768310547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1316726803779602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.09115675091743469}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8051812648773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.6187995672225952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.47602301836013794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.4366668462753296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4351125955581665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4298906922340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.39054393768310547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1316726803779602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.09115675091743469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3257171","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3257171","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10068532.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:edaed6cf72664c72b702551b674ed079","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/edaed6cf72664c72b702551b674ed079","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 26358-26374 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3257171","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3257171","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10068532.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.550000011920929}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309151","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309652","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310161","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315912","display_name":"Consortium canadien en neurod\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9rescence associ\u00e9e au vieillissement","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316680","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/0051w2v06"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321430","display_name":"American University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/001g2fj96"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322323","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323093","display_name":"NED University of Engineering and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05db8zr24"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328105","display_name":"Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University","ror":"https://ror.org/03d64na34"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4324290821.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4324290821.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":77,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498432697","https://openalex.org/W1516256348","https://openalex.org/W1524833151","https://openalex.org/W1529728259","https://openalex.org/W1553940723","https://openalex.org/W1862398452","https://openalex.org/W2041509965","https://openalex.org/W2064748926","https://openalex.org/W2134991157","https://openalex.org/W2296646831","https://openalex.org/W2398111182","https://openalex.org/W2486434386","https://openalex.org/W2518003110","https://openalex.org/W2564846239","https://openalex.org/W2575005104","https://openalex.org/W2596636257","https://openalex.org/W2607806769","https://openalex.org/W2615560190","https://openalex.org/W2618014102","https://openalex.org/W2619579631","https://openalex.org/W2623239490","https://openalex.org/W2750688159","https://openalex.org/W2762692271","https://openalex.org/W2801018051","https://openalex.org/W2808904300","https://openalex.org/W2811099344","https://openalex.org/W2890416267","https://openalex.org/W2890904471","https://openalex.org/W2895087256","https://openalex.org/W2911489875","https://openalex.org/W2914446816","https://openalex.org/W2944810901","https://openalex.org/W2948044122","https://openalex.org/W2957305577","https://openalex.org/W2958348420","https://openalex.org/W2964936987","https://openalex.org/W2966906878","https://openalex.org/W2967945377","https://openalex.org/W2970125006","https://openalex.org/W2981723689","https://openalex.org/W2982625477","https://openalex.org/W2982936646","https://openalex.org/W2983008824","https://openalex.org/W2988359971","https://openalex.org/W3003709482","https://openalex.org/W3011133294","https://openalex.org/W3014115803","https://openalex.org/W3027626123","https://openalex.org/W3028800087","https://openalex.org/W3036252749","https://openalex.org/W3036600965","https://openalex.org/W3041006851","https://openalex.org/W3047581883","https://openalex.org/W3048259562","https://openalex.org/W3087051020","https://openalex.org/W3088584775","https://openalex.org/W3094174376","https://openalex.org/W3102042805","https://openalex.org/W3112641944","https://openalex.org/W3113420491","https://openalex.org/W3116720533","https://openalex.org/W3127757142","https://openalex.org/W3129920713","https://openalex.org/W3152733342","https://openalex.org/W3177248053","https://openalex.org/W3192056410","https://openalex.org/W3209398723","https://openalex.org/W4200461109","https://openalex.org/W4200599108","https://openalex.org/W4205613068","https://openalex.org/W4225657853","https://openalex.org/W4236786653","https://openalex.org/W4236831438","https://openalex.org/W6631338149","https://openalex.org/W6633101925","https://openalex.org/W6738295324","https://openalex.org/W6771999149"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4290792893","https://openalex.org/W1596201972","https://openalex.org/W2160425906","https://openalex.org/W1485627940","https://openalex.org/W2152433827","https://openalex.org/W1986253068","https://openalex.org/W2385146268","https://openalex.org/W1598943142","https://openalex.org/W4313054100","https://openalex.org/W2348852432"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Digital":[0],"Twins":[1],"(DTs)":[2],"have":[3],"been":[4],"gaining":[5],"popularity":[6],"in":[7,72,132,186,227,247],"various":[8,163,218],"applications,":[9],"such":[10],"as":[11,27,176],"smart":[12,14,16,19],"manufacturing,":[13],"energy,":[15],"mobility,":[17],"and":[18,51,70,105,161,180,214],"healthcare.":[20],"In":[21,202],"simple":[22],"terms,":[23],"DT":[24,77,95,138,172,229],"is":[25,59,83,98,110,174,193,206,237],"described":[26],"a":[28,32,62,76,94,111,114,125,130,137,146,177,228,243],"virtual":[29,49,68],"replica":[30],"of":[31,41,75,93,113,124,136,145,155,170,212,217,233,242],"given":[33],"physical":[34,46,63],"product,":[35],"system,":[36,96],"or":[37],"process.":[38],"It":[39],"consists":[40],"three":[42],"major":[43],"segments:":[44],"the":[45,52,57,67,73,79,91,122,134,143,153,156,171,181,197,204,210,215,234,240,248],"entity,":[47,64],"its":[48],"counterpart,":[50],"connections":[53],"between":[54],"them.":[55],"While":[56],"data":[58],"collected":[60],"from":[61],"processed":[65],"at":[66,78,158,165,224],"layer,":[69,81],"accessed":[71],"form":[74],"application":[80],"it":[82,97],"exposed":[84],"to":[85,100,120,195,208],"several":[86],"security":[87,103,123,135,169,182],"risks.":[88],"To":[89],"ensure":[90],"applicability":[92,232],"imperative":[99],"understand":[101],"these":[102,200],"risks":[104],"their":[106],"implications.":[107],"However,":[108],"there":[109],"lack":[112],"framework":[115,131,151,205,236],"that":[116,221],"can":[117,139,222],"be":[118,140],"used":[119,194,207],"assess":[121],"DT.":[126],"This":[127],"paper":[128],"presents":[129],"which":[133],"analyzed":[141],"with":[142,239],"help":[144,241],"formal":[147],"verification":[148],"technique.":[149],"The":[150,168,231],"captures":[152],"defense":[154],"system":[157,173,179],"different":[159],"layers":[160],"considers":[162],"attacks":[164,220],"each":[166,225],"layer.":[167],"represented":[175],"state-transition":[178],"properties":[183],"are":[184],"captured":[185],"temporal":[187],"logic.":[188],"Probabilistic":[189],"model":[190],"checking":[191],"(PMC)":[192],"verify":[196],"systems":[198],"against":[199],"properties.":[201],"particular,":[203],"analyze":[209],"probability":[211],"success":[213],"cost":[216],"potential":[219],"occur":[223],"layer":[226],"system.":[230],"proposed":[235],"demonstrated":[238],"detailed":[244],"case":[245],"study":[246],"healthcare":[249],"domain.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T07:54:00.901334","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
