{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4323914362","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3255505","title":"Monte Carlo Model of the Large Modular Array for Positron Emission Particle Tracking","display_name":"Monte Carlo Model of the Large Modular Array for Positron Emission Particle Tracking","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4323914362","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3255505"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3255505","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3255505","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10065439.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10065439.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070006436","display_name":"Matthew T Herald","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5843-6454"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Herald","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K","School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5843-6454","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067077046","display_name":"Dawid Hampel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3453-4778"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dawid Hampel","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K","School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103104906","display_name":"Tz. Kokalova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2035-3749"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tzany Kokalova Wheldon","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K","Positron Imaging Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom","School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Positron Imaging Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033247167","display_name":"Jonathan Seville","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0207-3521"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Seville","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K","School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom","Positron Imaging Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0207-3521","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Positron Imaging Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086479125","display_name":"Kit Windows\u2010Yule","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1305-537X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Windows-Yule","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K","Positron Imaging Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom","School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1305-537X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Positron Imaging Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070006436"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.6829,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70331189,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"25982","last_page":"25990"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10522","display_name":"Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10522","display_name":"Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11044","display_name":"Particle Detector Development and Performance","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11216","display_name":"Radiation Detection and Scintillator Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.7368279695510864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.6068254709243774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.5540286898612976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.514298141002655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/positron","display_name":"Positron","score":0.4512771666049957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-filter","display_name":"Particle filter","score":0.41991090774536133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-physics","display_name":"Nuclear physics","score":0.4176645874977112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3862338662147522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electron","display_name":"Electron","score":0.22495102882385254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1298200786113739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1169879138469696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07735472917556763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.07552781701087952}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.7368279695510864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.6068254709243774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.5540286898612976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.514298141002655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202100949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3229","display_name":"Positron","level":3,"score":0.4512771666049957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52421305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1151499","display_name":"Particle filter","level":3,"score":0.41991090774536133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.4176645874977112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3862338662147522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147120987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2225","display_name":"Electron","level":2,"score":0.22495102882385254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1298200786113739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1169879138469696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07735472917556763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.07552781701087952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3255505","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3255505","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10065439.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:98d459c298044efc92d2107005e74023","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/98d459c298044efc92d2107005e74023","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 25982-25990 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/28c58f9b-b381-405f-8807-6f32d9068f3d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://birmingham.elsevierpure.com/en/publications/28c58f9b-b381-405f-8807-6f32d9068f3d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Herald , M , Hampel , D , Wheldon , T K , Seville , J & Windows-Yule , C 2023 , ' Monte Carlo Model of the Large Modular Array for Positron Emission Particle Tracking ' , IEEE Access , vol. 11 , pp. 25982-25990 . https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3255505","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3255505","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3255505","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10065439.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6399999856948853,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2212450484","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/T034327/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3026566124","display_name":"Advanced Imaging and Numerical Modelling of Segregation and Transport of Plastics in Fluidised Beds: Toward a Circular Economy for Plastics","funder_award_id":"EP/T034327/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7518187166","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ST/V001043/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334632","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Facilities Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320339","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334632","display_name":"Science and Technology Facilities Council","ror":"https://ror.org/057g20z61"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4323914362.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4323914362.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W121390853","https://openalex.org/W1998949937","https://openalex.org/W2025824555","https://openalex.org/W2060740686","https://openalex.org/W2078804478","https://openalex.org/W2089164864","https://openalex.org/W2123712721","https://openalex.org/W2138884296","https://openalex.org/W2181841162","https://openalex.org/W2614802263","https://openalex.org/W2811169451","https://openalex.org/W2883776386","https://openalex.org/W3001506163","https://openalex.org/W3013295747","https://openalex.org/W3039644956","https://openalex.org/W3124095504","https://openalex.org/W3137889704","https://openalex.org/W3162081256","https://openalex.org/W3168304123","https://openalex.org/W3195604886","https://openalex.org/W3217598852","https://openalex.org/W4200214033","https://openalex.org/W4200362495","https://openalex.org/W4221070464","https://openalex.org/W4283832420","https://openalex.org/W4285170489","https://openalex.org/W4309028423","https://openalex.org/W4378952000","https://openalex.org/W6604977380","https://openalex.org/W6739028767","https://openalex.org/W6802913063","https://openalex.org/W6894133055"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4248304448","https://openalex.org/W2044696519","https://openalex.org/W1992043335","https://openalex.org/W1989212443","https://openalex.org/W2103644279","https://openalex.org/W4302986566","https://openalex.org/W1968585197","https://openalex.org/W2163445067","https://openalex.org/W4247544095","https://openalex.org/W2122155275"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Positron":[0,58],"emission":[1],"particle":[2],"tracking":[3],"(PEPT)":[4],"is":[5,94,103,129],"a":[6,88,137,173],"non-invasive":[7],"technique":[8,140],"used":[9],"to":[10,19,28,62,74,132,160,172],"study":[11],"fluid,":[12],"granular,":[13],"and":[14,21,34,82,96,111,167],"multi-phase":[15],"systems":[16],"of":[17,38,56,92,107,153,176],"interest":[18],"academia":[20],"industry.":[22],"PEPT":[23,85],"employs":[24],"position-sensitive":[25],"radiation":[26],"detectors":[27],"record":[29],"gamma":[30],"rays":[31],"in":[32,77],"coincidence":[33],"track":[35],"the":[36,45,54,69,108,115,125,149,154,158,164,183,199],"movement":[37],"discrete":[39],"sources.":[40],"A":[41],"modular":[42],"detector":[43,65,180],"array,":[44],"Large":[46],"Modular":[47],"Array":[48],"(LaMA),":[49],"has":[50,193],"been":[51,194],"constructed":[52],"at":[53],"University":[55],"Birmingham\u2019s":[57],"Imaging":[59],"Centre":[60],"(PIC)":[61],"enable":[63],"custom":[64],"geometries.":[66],"To":[67,187],"estimate":[68],"LaMA\u2019s":[70],"performance":[71],"characteristics":[72,87],"prior":[73],"experimentation,":[75],"assist":[76],"developing":[78],"optimised":[79],"camera":[80],"geometries,":[81],"determine":[83],"ideal":[84],"tracer":[86],"Monte":[89],"Carlo":[90],"model":[91,156,181,192],"LaMA":[93],"created":[95],"subsequently":[97],"validated":[98,155],"with":[99],"experimental":[100,134],"measurements.":[101],"Validation":[102],"achieved":[104],"through":[105,198],"comparisons":[106],"spatial":[109,151],"resolution":[110,152],"count-rate":[112],"response":[113],"following":[114],"National":[116],"Electrical":[117],"Manufacturers":[118],"Association":[119],"(NEMA)":[120],"industry":[121],"standard":[122],"protocol.":[123],"Notably,":[124],"model\u2019s":[126],"pulse-processing":[127],"chain":[128],"autonomously":[130],"calibrated":[131,179],"match":[133],"measurements":[135],"using":[136],"recently":[138],"developed":[139],"which":[141],"applies":[142],"an":[143],"evolutionary":[144],"algorithm.":[145],"The":[146],"results":[147],"show":[148],"simulated":[150],"matches":[157],"experiment":[159],"within":[161],"5%.":[162],"Additionally,":[163],"total,":[165],"true,":[166],"corrupted":[168],"count-rates":[169],"are":[170],"reproduced":[171],"mean":[174],"error":[175],"3.41%.":[177],"This":[178],"strengthens":[182],"PIC\u2019s":[184,200],"modelling":[185],"capabilities.":[186],"facilitate":[188],"future":[189],"research,":[190],"this":[191],"made":[195],"publicly":[196],"available":[197],"GitHub":[201],"repository.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}