{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4323022407","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3251417","title":"An Improved Dense CNN Architecture for Deepfake Image Detection","display_name":"An Improved Dense CNN Architecture for Deepfake Image Detection","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4323022407","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3251417"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3251417","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3251417","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10057390.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10057390.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012674375","display_name":"Y. G. Patel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1534-0187"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165831266","display_name":"Nirma University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qkq7x38","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165831266"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yogesh Patel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1534-0187","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165831266"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089077811","display_name":"Sudeep Tanwar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1776-4651"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165831266","display_name":"Nirma University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qkq7x38","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165831266"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sudeep Tanwar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1776-4651","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165831266"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053527968","display_name":"Pronaya Bhattacharya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1206-2298"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pronaya Bhattacharya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Amity School of Engineering and Technology, Amity University, Kolkata, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Amity School of Engineering and Technology, Amity University, Kolkata, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058080028","display_name":"Rajesh Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3298-4238"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165831266","display_name":"Nirma University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qkq7x38","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165831266"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rajesh Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165831266"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069986608","display_name":"Turki Alsuwian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9579-9115"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47164929","display_name":"Najran University","ror":"https://ror.org/05edw4a90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47164929"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Turki Alsuwian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia","Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47164929"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47164929"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079249544","display_name":"Innocent E. Davidson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2336-4136"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159253421","display_name":"Cape Peninsula University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/056e9h402","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159253421"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Innocent Ewean Davidson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159253421"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073204673","display_name":"Thokozile Mazibuko","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177181097","display_name":"Durban University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0303y7a51","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177181097"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thokozile F. Mazibuko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177181097"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":17.9644,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":161,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99559603,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"22081","last_page":"22095"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalizability-theory","display_name":"Generalizability theory","score":0.8988391160964966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.814734935760498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6092700958251953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5750302076339722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-adversarial-network","display_name":"Generative adversarial network","score":0.48141050338745117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4609566032886505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reputation","display_name":"Reputation","score":0.4571513831615448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.44268661737442017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.4227224588394165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.400338351726532}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.8988391160964966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.814734935760498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6092700958251953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5750302076339722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988773926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25104379","display_name":"Generative adversarial network","level":3,"score":0.48141050338745117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4609566032886505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48798503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877546","display_name":"Reputation","level":2,"score":0.4571513831615448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.44268661737442017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.4227224588394165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.400338351726532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3251417","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3251417","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10057390.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:01c00c672b2440f9ba11e62f08d2fc19","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/01c00c672b2440f9ba11e62f08d2fc19","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 22081-22095 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3251417","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3251417","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10057390.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4323022407.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4323022407.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2301937176","https://openalex.org/W2811414481","https://openalex.org/W2889677435","https://openalex.org/W2891145043","https://openalex.org/W2911424785","https://openalex.org/W2913399670","https://openalex.org/W2914447220","https://openalex.org/W2962793481","https://openalex.org/W2963684180","https://openalex.org/W2963720850","https://openalex.org/W2995516027","https://openalex.org/W3003974576","https://openalex.org/W3005939059","https://openalex.org/W3011236737","https://openalex.org/W3011820288","https://openalex.org/W3016823011","https://openalex.org/W3019200173","https://openalex.org/W3024193661","https://openalex.org/W3034713808","https://openalex.org/W3093077034","https://openalex.org/W3102428524","https://openalex.org/W3118309510","https://openalex.org/W3125803510","https://openalex.org/W3128292651","https://openalex.org/W3138202081","https://openalex.org/W3141468933","https://openalex.org/W3155203878","https://openalex.org/W3174831884","https://openalex.org/W4200164272","https://openalex.org/W4200434941","https://openalex.org/W4211008685","https://openalex.org/W4287148454","https://openalex.org/W4287758545","https://openalex.org/W6784810453","https://openalex.org/W6792139253","https://openalex.org/W6797657831"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2118717649","https://openalex.org/W2413243053","https://openalex.org/W410723623","https://openalex.org/W2015341305","https://openalex.org/W2035068594","https://openalex.org/W4225593417","https://openalex.org/W2573498121","https://openalex.org/W3022298670","https://openalex.org/W3160494304","https://openalex.org/W4394780863"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0,72],"advancements":[1],"in":[2,46,89,194,201,208,211,215,228],"computer":[3],"vision":[4],"processing":[5],"need":[6],"potent":[7],"tools":[8],"to":[9,86,133,147,159],"create":[10],"realistic":[11],"deepfakes.":[12],"A":[13,151],"generative":[14],"adversarial":[15],"network":[16,80],"(GAN)":[17],"can":[18,50],"fake":[19,41],"the":[20,38,52,68,77,90,97,101,135,148,161,165,175],"captured":[21,132],"media":[22,42,103],"streams,":[23],"such":[24],"as":[25,82],"images,":[26,223],"audio,":[27],"and":[28,30,49,65,113,124,145,154,182,213,221],"video,":[29],"make":[31],"them":[32],"visually":[33],"fit":[34],"other":[35],"environments.":[36],"So,":[37],"dissemination":[39],"of":[40,54,100,164,192],"streams":[43],"creates":[44],"havoc":[45],"social":[47],"communities":[48],"destroy":[51],"reputation":[53],"a":[55,58,111],"person":[56,69],"or":[57,70],"community.":[59,71],"Moreover,":[60],"it":[61],"manipulates":[62],"public":[63],"sentiments":[64],"opinions":[66],"toward":[67],"studies":[73],"have":[74,169],"suggested":[75],"using":[76],"convolutional":[78],"neural":[79],"(CNN)":[81],"an":[83,190],"effective":[84],"tool":[85],"detect":[87],"deepfakes":[88],"network.":[91],"But,":[92],"most":[93],"techniques":[94],"cannot":[95],"capture":[96],"inter-frame":[98],"dissimilarities":[99],"collected":[102],"streams.":[104],"Motivated":[105],"by":[106],"this,":[107],"this":[108],"paper":[109],"presents":[110],"novel":[112],"improved":[114],"deep-CNN":[115],"(D-CNN)":[116],"architecture":[117],"for":[118],"deepfake":[119,180,222],"detection":[120],"with":[121,178],"reasonable":[122],"accuracy":[123,191],"high":[125],"generalizability.":[126],"Images":[127],"from":[128,174],"multiple":[129],"sources":[130],"are":[131,143,157],"train":[134],"model,":[136],"improving":[137],"overall":[138],"generalizability":[139],"capabilities.":[140],"The":[141,186],"images":[142,181],"re-scaled":[144],"fed":[146],"D-CNN":[149,166],"model.":[150,167],"binary-cross":[152],"entropy":[153],"Adam":[155],"optimizer":[156],"utilized":[158],"improve":[160],"learning":[162],"rate":[163],"We":[168],"considered":[170],"seven":[171],"different":[172],"datasets":[173],"reconstruction":[176],"challenge":[177],"5000":[179],"10000":[183],"real":[184,220],"images.":[185],"proposed":[187],"model":[188],"yields":[189],"98.33%":[193],"AttGAN":[195],"<sup":[196,203,217],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[197,204,218],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><i>a</i></sup>":[198],",":[199,206],"99.33%":[200],"GDWCT":[202],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><i>b</i></sup>":[205],"95.33%":[207],"StyleGAN,":[209],"94.67%":[210],"StyleGAN2,":[212],"99.17%":[214],"StarGAN":[216],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><i>c</i></sup>":[219],"that":[224],"indicates":[225],"its":[226],"viability":[227],"experimental":[229],"setups.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":74},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}