{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385153945","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3250558","title":"An Improved Whale Optimization Algorithm Based PIDF\u2013(1+PI) Cascade Automatic Generation Control for Multi-Area Multi-Source Power System With Capacitive Energy Storage","display_name":"An Improved Whale Optimization Algorithm Based PIDF\u2013(1+PI) Cascade Automatic Generation Control for Multi-Area Multi-Source Power System With Capacitive Energy Storage","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385153945","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3250558"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3250558","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3250558","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10056160.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10056160.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102739875","display_name":"Jingfeng Mao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9638-2546"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199305430","display_name":"Nantong University","ror":"https://ror.org/02afcvw97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199305430"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jingfeng Mao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199305430"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041566366","display_name":"Runda Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7179-2563"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199305430","display_name":"Nantong University","ror":"https://ror.org/02afcvw97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199305430"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Runda Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199305430"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043838202","display_name":"Aihua Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2237-749X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199305430","display_name":"Nantong University","ror":"https://ror.org/02afcvw97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199305430"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aihua Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199305430"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110367017","display_name":"Shang Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shang Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nantong Offshore Construction and Engineering Company Ltd., Nantong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nantong Offshore Construction and Engineering Company Ltd., Nantong, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102366488","display_name":"Jianjun He","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianjun He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nantong Offshore Construction and Engineering Company Ltd., Nantong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nantong Offshore Construction and Engineering Company Ltd., Nantong, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102739875"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199305430"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.6067,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90199053,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"72418","last_page":"72435"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12277","display_name":"Frequency Control in Power Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12277","display_name":"Frequency Control in Power Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9886999726295471,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10305","display_name":"Power System Optimization and Stability","score":0.9822999835014343,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pid-controller","display_name":"PID controller","score":0.8098652362823486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.747530996799469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6378427743911743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-generation-control","display_name":"Automatic Generation Control","score":0.6315836310386658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6179148554801941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cascade","display_name":"Cascade","score":0.6092415452003479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.4631262421607971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitive-sensing","display_name":"Capacitive sensing","score":0.45058178901672363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.44006362557411194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/approximation-error","display_name":"Approximation error","score":0.41973528265953064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.32588058710098267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.28847983479499817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temperature-control","display_name":"Temperature control","score":0.21044430136680603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.20749041438102722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18056848645210266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.08963456749916077}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47116090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q716829","display_name":"PID controller","level":3,"score":0.8098652362823486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.747530996799469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6378427743911743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778763806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4826572","display_name":"Automatic Generation Control","level":4,"score":0.6315836310386658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6179148554801941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34146451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5048094","display_name":"Cascade","level":2,"score":0.6092415452003479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.4631262421607971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206755178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1131271","display_name":"Capacitive sensing","level":2,"score":0.45058178901672363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.44006362557411194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122383733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865920","display_name":"Approximation error","level":2,"score":0.41973528265953064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.32588058710098267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.28847983479499817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C536315585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7698332","display_name":"Temperature control","level":2,"score":0.21044430136680603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.20749041438102722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18056848645210266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.08963456749916077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3250558","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3250558","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10056160.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e042aa7e910d4f75a495e974747f5e13","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e042aa7e910d4f75a495e974747f5e13","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 72418-72435 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3250558","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3250558","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10056160.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8899999856948853,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385153945.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385153945.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1755686056","https://openalex.org/W1992334720","https://openalex.org/W2009531452","https://openalex.org/W2026090270","https://openalex.org/W2043441061","https://openalex.org/W2081292552","https://openalex.org/W2290883490","https://openalex.org/W2489132398","https://openalex.org/W2543381344","https://openalex.org/W2600549811","https://openalex.org/W2609103141","https://openalex.org/W2617282699","https://openalex.org/W2783178740","https://openalex.org/W2789829336","https://openalex.org/W2900631756","https://openalex.org/W2968344872","https://openalex.org/W2971580770","https://openalex.org/W2991509395","https://openalex.org/W3048182745","https://openalex.org/W3080599080","https://openalex.org/W3094758040","https://openalex.org/W3137016618","https://openalex.org/W3137359947","https://openalex.org/W3138605041","https://openalex.org/W3143516058","https://openalex.org/W3167055393","https://openalex.org/W3173115897","https://openalex.org/W3175177100","https://openalex.org/W3192639047","https://openalex.org/W3197557242","https://openalex.org/W3201515126","https://openalex.org/W4200013323","https://openalex.org/W4206182734","https://openalex.org/W4283215163","https://openalex.org/W4295850120","https://openalex.org/W4303700371","https://openalex.org/W4309564626","https://openalex.org/W6846637509"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2153719181","https://openalex.org/W1971748923","https://openalex.org/W2060986072","https://openalex.org/W1566155057","https://openalex.org/W2052574922","https://openalex.org/W2065045110","https://openalex.org/W64588465","https://openalex.org/W3135954305","https://openalex.org/W2549093211","https://openalex.org/W2593963082"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modern":[0],"power":[1,37,86],"system":[2,87,177],"has":[3],"complex":[4],"composition":[5],"structure":[6,59],"and":[7,20,48,108,141,194],"high":[8],"stability":[9],"operation":[10],"requirements.":[11],"While":[12],"the":[13,21,31,43,46,50,138,143,149,159,175,186,192,197],"emergence":[14],"of":[15,23,36,45,151,196],"various":[16],"new":[17],"energy":[18,91],"sources":[19],"uncertainty":[22],"external":[24],"disturbances":[25],"bring":[26],"a":[27,57,81,102,122],"great":[28],"challenge":[29],"to":[30,41,136,173],"Automatic":[32],"Generation":[33],"Control":[34],"(AGC)":[35],"system.":[38],"In":[39],"order":[40],"improve":[42],"robustness":[44],"AGC":[47],"facilitate":[49],"practical":[51],"engineering":[52],"application,":[53],"this":[54],"paper":[55],"proposes":[56],"novel":[58],"multistage":[60],"Proportional":[61],"Integral":[62,110],"Derivative":[63],"(PID)":[64],"cascade":[65,113],"automatic":[66,114],"generation":[67,115],"controller":[68,104,116,162],"as":[69,71],"well":[70],"an":[72,128],"improved":[73,129],"more":[74],"effective":[75],"control":[76,100,176,184,199],"parameter":[77],"optimization":[78],"algorithm.":[79],"Firstly,":[80],"two-area":[82],"multi-unit":[83],"multi-source":[84],"hydro/thermal":[85],"containing":[88],"with":[89,105,181],"capacitive":[90],"storage":[92],"unit":[93,111],"is":[94,117,134,171],"modeled.":[95],"And":[96],"using":[97],"double":[98],"closed-loops":[99],"method,":[101],"PID":[103],"derivative":[106],"Filter":[107],"1+Proportional":[109],"(PIDF-(1+PI))":[112],"proposed.":[118],"Secondly,":[119],"by":[120,166],"introducing":[121],"nonlinear":[123],"time-varying":[124],"adaptive":[125],"weight":[126],"factor,":[127],"Whale":[130],"Optimization":[131],"Algorithm":[132],"(WOA-w)":[133],"proposed":[135,160,198],"accelerate":[137],"convergence":[139],"speed":[140],"enhance":[142],"solution":[144],"accuracy.":[145],"Then,":[146],"based":[147],"on":[148],"integral":[150],"time":[152],"multiplied":[153],"absolute":[154],"error":[155],"(ITAE)":[156],"objective":[157],"function,":[158],"PIDF-(1+PI)":[161],"parameters":[163],"are":[164],"optimized":[165],"WOA-w.":[167],"Finally,":[168],"MATLAB/Simulink":[169],"software":[170],"used":[172],"implement":[174],"multi-case":[178],"simulation.":[179],"Compared":[180],"other":[182],"three":[183],"strategies,":[185],"multi-scenario":[187],"cases":[188],"simulation":[189],"results":[190],"verify":[191],"correctness":[193],"effectiveness":[195],"strategy.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}