{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4321770433","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3248790","title":"EduQG: A Multi-Format Multiple-Choice Dataset for the Educational Domain","display_name":"EduQG: A Multi-Format Multiple-Choice Dataset for the Educational Domain","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4321770433","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3248790"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3248790","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3248790","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10051840.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10051840.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064631919","display_name":"Amir Hadifar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4934-2928"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir Hadifar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Text-to-Knowledge (T2K) Team, IDLab, Ghent University&#x2013;imec, Ghent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4934-2928","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Text-to-Knowledge (T2K) Team, IDLab, Ghent University&#x2013;imec, Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082014426","display_name":"Semere Kiros Bitew","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4001-6803"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Semere Kiros Bitew","raw_affiliation_strings":["Text-to-Knowledge (T2K) Team, IDLab, Ghent University&#x2013;imec, Ghent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4001-6803","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Text-to-Knowledge (T2K) Team, IDLab, Ghent University&#x2013;imec, Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004214531","display_name":"Johannes Deleu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8277-2415"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johannes Deleu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Text-to-Knowledge (T2K) Team, IDLab, Ghent University&#x2013;imec, Ghent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Text-to-Knowledge (T2K) Team, IDLab, Ghent University&#x2013;imec, Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084742757","display_name":"Chris Develder","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2707-4176"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chris Develder","raw_affiliation_strings":["Text-to-Knowledge (T2K) Team, IDLab, Ghent University&#x2013;imec, Ghent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2707-4176","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Text-to-Knowledge (T2K) Team, IDLab, Ghent University&#x2013;imec, Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075509168","display_name":"Thomas Demeester","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9901-5768"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Demeester","raw_affiliation_strings":["Text-to-Knowledge (T2K) Team, IDLab, Ghent University&#x2013;imec, Ghent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Text-to-Knowledge (T2K) Team, IDLab, Ghent University&#x2013;imec, Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.6964,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94370668,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"20885","last_page":"20896"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7709169387817383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.6694912314414978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.656683623790741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.563653826713562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taxonomy","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","score":0.5267065167427063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-choice","display_name":"Multiple choice","score":0.5193703770637512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.42675453424453735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4264981746673584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41274696588516235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.35010015964508057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.1326785385608673}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7709169387817383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.6694912314414978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.656683623790741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.563653826713562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5267065167427063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176730311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q867668","display_name":"Multiple choice","level":3,"score":0.5193703770637512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.42675453424453735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4264981746673584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41274696588516235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.35010015964508057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.1326785385608673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3248790","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3248790","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10051840.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:archive.ugent.be:01GX2YQ797G48JHY74PF38YCTN","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-01GX2YQ797G48JHY74PF38YCTN","pdf_url":"https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/01GX2YQ797G48JHY74PF38YCTN/file/01GX2YS50GPB4CP2WY7F5CSJ9F.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400478","display_name":"Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","host_organization_name":"Ghent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISSN: 2169-3536","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:457055de5f96461d8f9d34e23452cbe6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/457055de5f96461d8f9d34e23452cbe6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 20885-20896 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3248790","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3248790","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10051840.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8100000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313460","display_name":"Agentschap Innoveren en Ondernemen","ror":"https://ror.org/032xdry56"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327336","display_name":"Vlaamse regering","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4321770433.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966354121","https://openalex.org/W1983950383","https://openalex.org/W1987662159","https://openalex.org/W1999645150","https://openalex.org/W2020750780","https://openalex.org/W2022577044","https://openalex.org/W2041304295","https://openalex.org/W2059516765","https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2103192802","https://openalex.org/W2112006025","https://openalex.org/W2116817443","https://openalex.org/W2131172167","https://openalex.org/W2133512280","https://openalex.org/W2166348853","https://openalex.org/W2220688940","https://openalex.org/W2252016937","https://openalex.org/W2270766381","https://openalex.org/W2283204694","https://openalex.org/W2314532123","https://openalex.org/W2557764419","https://openalex.org/W2606964149","https://openalex.org/W2746097825","https://openalex.org/W2757978590","https://openalex.org/W2788982843","https://openalex.org/W2794325560","https://openalex.org/W2795157632","https://openalex.org/W2798405286","https://openalex.org/W2809326784","https://openalex.org/W2810503719","https://openalex.org/W2889048825","https://openalex.org/W2889670144","https://openalex.org/W2889787757","https://openalex.org/W2890894339","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2912924812","https://openalex.org/W2941057185","https://openalex.org/W2944995326","https://openalex.org/W2963026768","https://openalex.org/W2963123047","https://openalex.org/W2963159690","https://openalex.org/W2963748441","https://openalex.org/W2964087080","https://openalex.org/W2989613245","https://openalex.org/W3034238904","https://openalex.org/W3093354052","https://openalex.org/W3165222865","https://openalex.org/W3195577433","https://openalex.org/W4229376924","https://openalex.org/W4242150696","https://openalex.org/W4285296426","https://openalex.org/W4288089799","https://openalex.org/W4294329082","https://openalex.org/W4296557505","https://openalex.org/W6600769638","https://openalex.org/W6682631176","https://openalex.org/W6693557977","https://openalex.org/W6719885367","https://openalex.org/W6729938257","https://openalex.org/W6740558922","https://openalex.org/W6749838110","https://openalex.org/W6754279437","https://openalex.org/W6762942113","https://openalex.org/W6769627184","https://openalex.org/W6770711357","https://openalex.org/W6771720625","https://openalex.org/W6778379400","https://openalex.org/W6800751262","https://openalex.org/W6824022110"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2035950535","https://openalex.org/W2357241418","https://openalex.org/W2351555819","https://openalex.org/W2789919619","https://openalex.org/W2086064646","https://openalex.org/W159132833","https://openalex.org/W3111156164","https://openalex.org/W2024361359","https://openalex.org/W2040540969","https://openalex.org/W4364383453"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Natural":[0],"language":[1,16],"processing":[2],"technology":[3],"has":[4,19],"made":[5,272],"significant":[6],"progress":[7],"in":[8,113,149,263,278],"recent":[9,61],"years,":[10],"fuelled":[11],"by":[12,198,212],"increasingly":[13],"powerful":[14],"general":[15],"models.":[17],"This":[18,95],"also":[20],"inspired":[21],"a":[22,44,60,69,110,256],"sizeable":[23],"body":[24],"of":[25,36,63],"work":[26],"targeted":[27],"specifically":[28],"towards":[29],"the":[30,34,64,97,114,126,136,143,264],"educational":[31,65,115,213,224,246,265],"domain,":[32,116],"where":[33],"creation":[35],"questions":[37,195,208],"(both":[38],"for":[39,142,175,242,245,259,281],"assessment":[40],"and":[41,55,76,131,153,157,178,225,230,238,261,269],"practice)":[42],"is":[43,92,96,147],"laborious/expensive":[45],"effort.":[46],"Thus,":[47,168],"automatic":[48],"Question-Generation":[49],"(QG)":[50],"solutions":[51],"have":[52,209],"been":[53,210],"proposed":[54],"studied.":[56],"Yet,":[57],"according":[58],"to":[59,89,101,162,184,219,274],"survey":[62],"QG":[66],"community\u2019s":[67],"progress,":[68],"common":[70],"baseline":[71,87],"dataset":[72,112,171,237,252,268],"unifying":[73],"multiple":[74,80],"domains":[75],"question":[77,146,177,190,243,279],"forms":[78],"(e.g.,":[79],"choice":[81],"vs.":[82],"fill-the-gap),":[83,156],"including":[84],"readily":[85],"available":[86,273],"models":[88],"compare":[90],"against,":[91],"largely":[93],"missing.":[94],"gap":[98],"we":[99,108],"aim":[100],"fill":[102],"with":[103,165],"this":[104,250],"paper.":[105],"In":[106],"particular,":[107],"introduce":[109],"high-quality":[111],"containing":[117],"over":[118],"3,000":[119],"entries,":[120],"comprising":[121],"(i)":[122],"multiple-choice":[123],"questions,":[124],"(ii)":[125],"corresponding":[127],"answers":[128,159],"(including":[129],"distractors),":[130],"(iii)":[132],"associated":[133],"passages":[134],"from":[135],"course":[137],"material":[138],"used":[139,174,240],"as":[140,181,183,189,203,255],"sources":[141],"questions.":[144],"Each":[145],"phrased":[148],"two":[150],"forms,":[151],"normal":[152],"cloze":[154],"(i.e.,":[155],"correct":[158],"are":[160,196,222,271],"linked":[161],"source":[163],"documents":[164],"sentence-level":[166],"annotations.":[167],"our":[169,236],"versatile":[170],"can":[172,253],"be":[173],"both":[176],"distractor":[179],"generation,":[180],"well":[182],"explore":[185],"new":[186,251],"challenges":[187],"such":[188],"format":[191],"conversion.":[192],"Furthermore,":[193],"903":[194],"accompanied":[197],"their":[199],"cognitive":[200],"complexity":[201],"level":[202],"per":[204],"Bloom\u2019s":[205],"taxonomy.":[206],"All":[207],"generated":[211],"experts":[214],"rather":[215],"than":[216],"crowd":[217],"workers":[218],"ensure":[220],"they":[221],"maintaining":[223],"learning":[226],"standards.":[227],"Our":[228],"analysis":[229],"experiments":[231],"suggest":[232],"distinguishable":[233],"differences":[234],"between":[235],"commonly":[239],"ones":[241],"generation":[244,280],"purposes.":[247],"We":[248],"believe":[249],"serve":[254],"valuable":[257],"resource":[258],"research":[260,277],"evaluation":[262],"domain.":[266],"The":[267],"baselines":[270],"support":[275],"further":[276],"education":[282],"(https://github.com/hadif":[283],"ar/question-generation).":[284]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-21T08:15:58.654021","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
