{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4320713027","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3245565","title":"ECG Measurement System for Vehicle Implementation and Heart Disease Classification Using Machine Learning","display_name":"ECG Measurement System for Vehicle Implementation and Heart Disease Classification Using Machine Learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4320713027","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3245565"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3245565","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3245565","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10044684.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10044684.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058319626","display_name":"Cheol Hui Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cheol Hui Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Intelligent Mechatronics Engineering, Sejong University, Gwangjin-gu, South Korea","Department of Intelligent Mechatronics Engineering, Sejong University, 209, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Intelligent Mechatronics Engineering, Sejong University, Gwangjin-gu, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Intelligent Mechatronics Engineering, Sejong University, 209, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102955723","display_name":"Seong Han Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2418-0064"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seong Han Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Intelligent Mechatronics Engineering, Sejong University, Gwangjin-gu, South Korea","Department of Intelligent Mechatronics Engineering, Sejong University, 209, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Intelligent Mechatronics Engineering, Sejong University, Gwangjin-gu, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Intelligent Mechatronics Engineering, Sejong University, 209, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058319626"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.6862,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94078703,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"17968","last_page":"17982"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7008064389228821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.6936507225036621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6251236796379089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naive-bayes-classifier","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","score":0.6092113256454468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6073391437530518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.5128729343414307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.49360406398773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4866264760494232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.4625491499900818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-classification","display_name":"Statistical classification","score":0.45625150203704834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.41764581203460693}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7008064389228821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.6936507225036621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6251236796379089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52001869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812530","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","level":3,"score":0.6092113256454468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6073391437530518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5128729343414307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.49360406398773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4866264760494232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.4625491499900818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.45625150203704834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.41764581203460693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3245565","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3245565","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10044684.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3c036893f7c848b3b41ecde87820d3a1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3c036893f7c848b3b41ecde87820d3a1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 17968-17982 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3245565","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3245565","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10044684.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.5400000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1209357756","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2022-RS-2022-00156345","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G214945994","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020R1C1C1008068","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4700831490","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4731606782","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2022-RS-2022- 00156345","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8478463646","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2022-00156345","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8584598792","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020R1C1C1008068","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8859337391","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2022-RS-2022-00156345","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4320713027.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4320713027.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W605602149","https://openalex.org/W1862394037","https://openalex.org/W1883664232","https://openalex.org/W1908105620","https://openalex.org/W1992397369","https://openalex.org/W1997785567","https://openalex.org/W2012882079","https://openalex.org/W2023233510","https://openalex.org/W2027774888","https://openalex.org/W2067884148","https://openalex.org/W2108000303","https://openalex.org/W2109692256","https://openalex.org/W2141040858","https://openalex.org/W2141394518","https://openalex.org/W2152318928","https://openalex.org/W2155103273","https://openalex.org/W2162273778","https://openalex.org/W2167162173","https://openalex.org/W2169316412","https://openalex.org/W2289105867","https://openalex.org/W2303689812","https://openalex.org/W2478884216","https://openalex.org/W2488222617","https://openalex.org/W2519598732","https://openalex.org/W2766746225","https://openalex.org/W2767978081","https://openalex.org/W2805227459","https://openalex.org/W2886466686","https://openalex.org/W2901956291","https://openalex.org/W2909867993","https://openalex.org/W2977636290","https://openalex.org/W2998216295","https://openalex.org/W3085600237","https://openalex.org/W3103811943","https://openalex.org/W3152753009","https://openalex.org/W3184230296","https://openalex.org/W3194087868","https://openalex.org/W4225576041","https://openalex.org/W4230962939","https://openalex.org/W4285391973","https://openalex.org/W6681044958","https://openalex.org/W6734761546","https://openalex.org/W7066667914"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2090763504","https://openalex.org/W2086889680","https://openalex.org/W4388878085","https://openalex.org/W3153505674","https://openalex.org/W4246466849","https://openalex.org/W4388878069","https://openalex.org/W2997511728","https://openalex.org/W2525967854","https://openalex.org/W2119349310","https://openalex.org/W4312478656"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"12-lead":[1],"electrocardiogram":[2],"(ECG)":[3],"method":[4],"can":[5],"diagnose":[6],"more":[7],"cardiovascular":[8],"disease":[9,49],"than":[10],"the":[11,30,47,66,70,79,85,100,105,110,124,149,163,179,189,193,201,204,210],"single-lead":[12,60,164],"method,":[13],"but":[14],"it":[15],"is":[16,38,96,145],"difficult":[17],"to":[18,29,46,77,91,113],"use":[19,41],"in":[20,42,54,65,188,200],"daily":[21,43],"life":[22],"because":[23],"numerous":[24],"electrodes":[25],"must":[26],"be":[27],"attached":[28],"body.":[31],"As":[32,175],"an":[33,89,154],"aging":[34],"society":[35],"approaches,":[36],"electrocardiography":[37],"expanding":[39],"its":[40],"life,":[44],"even":[45],"heart":[48,81,132],"monitoring":[50],"system":[51,63],"for":[52],"passengers":[53],"vehicles.":[55],"This":[56],"study":[57],"proposes":[58],"a":[59,73,140,168,176],"ECG":[61,86,94,111,165],"measurement":[62,87,101],"implemented":[64],"steering":[67],"wheel":[68],"of":[69,109,131],"vehicle":[71,121],"and":[72,107,123,167,192,222],"machine":[74,142,150,196],"learning":[75,143,151],"model":[76,182],"classify":[78,128],"driver\u2019s":[80],"health":[82],"status.":[83],"For":[84],"system,":[88],"algorithm":[90],"obtain":[92],"stable":[93],"signals":[95],"proposed":[97,205],"along":[98],"with":[99,153],"hardware.":[102],"It":[103],"uses":[104],"range":[106],"interval":[108],"signal":[112],"determine":[114],"stability":[115],"under":[116],"noisy":[117],"conditions":[118],"caused":[119],"by":[120],"vibration":[122],"driver":[125],"movement.":[126],"To":[127,147],"four":[129],"classes":[130],"diseases":[133],"(normal,":[134],"atrial":[135],"fibrillation,":[136],"other":[137],"rhythms,":[138],"noise),":[139],"two-stage":[141,206],"structure":[144,208],"proposed.":[146],"train":[148],"models":[152],"optimal":[155],"feature":[156,171],"subset,":[157],"188":[158],"features":[159,185,199],"were":[160],"extracted":[161],"from":[162],"dataset,":[166],"sequential":[169],"wrapper-type":[170],"selection":[172],"was":[173,186],"conducted.":[174],"result,":[177],"when":[178],"na\u00efve":[180],"Bayes":[181],"using":[183,197],"ten":[184],"located":[187],"first":[190],"step":[191],"support":[194],"vector":[195],"13":[198],"second":[202],"step,":[203],"classification":[207,224],"returned":[209],"best":[211],"score":[212],"<italic":[213],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[214,218],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">F</i>":[215],"1":[216],"<sub":[217],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><i>NAO</i></sub>":[219],"=":[220],"0.7898":[221],"real-time":[223],"performances":[225],"(0.86":[226],"seconds":[227],"on":[228],"average).":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}