{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4321021854","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3244403","title":"Permissionless Blockchain Systems as Pseudo-Random Number Generators for Decentralized Consensus","display_name":"Permissionless Blockchain Systems as Pseudo-Random Number Generators for Decentralized Consensus","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4321021854","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3244403"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3244403","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3244403","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10042427.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10042427.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003558924","display_name":"Riaan Bezuidenhout","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5412-7512"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26999989","display_name":"University of the Free State","ror":"https://ror.org/009xwd568","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26999989"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Riaan Bezuidenhout","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Informatics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5412-7512","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Informatics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26999989"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002657759","display_name":"Wynand Nel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5579-6411"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26999989","display_name":"University of the Free State","ror":"https://ror.org/009xwd568","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26999989"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wynand Nel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Informatics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5579-6411","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Informatics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26999989"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076365399","display_name":"Jacques Maritz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1556-8523"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26999989","display_name":"University of the Free State","ror":"https://ror.org/009xwd568","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26999989"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacques M. Maritz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1556-8523","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26999989"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":6.4703,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96573479,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"14587","last_page":"14611"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12149","display_name":"Nanocluster Synthesis and Applications","score":0.9624999761581421,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.9443627595901489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verifiable-secret-sharing","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","score":0.7882320284843445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.746086061000824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomness","display_name":"Randomness","score":0.6532478928565979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consensus-algorithm","display_name":"Consensus algorithm","score":0.642668604850769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.6308568120002747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.522174596786499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.510225772857666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proof-of-work-system","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","score":0.5043846368789673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.48629245162010193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asset","display_name":"Asset (computer security)","score":0.45035985112190247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.44532057642936707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4341515600681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consensus","display_name":"Consensus","score":0.42573511600494385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-function","display_name":"Random function","score":0.4166330099105835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.21721702814102173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-agent-system","display_name":"Multi-agent system","score":0.1812923550605774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13390982151031494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-variable","display_name":"Random variable","score":0.08384844660758972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.07585841417312622}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.9443627595901489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.7882320284843445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.746086061000824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125112378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176640","display_name":"Randomness","level":2,"score":0.6532478928565979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983222225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2994424","display_name":"Consensus algorithm","level":2,"score":0.642668604850769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.6308568120002747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.522174596786499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.510225772857666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123436394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7249984","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","level":3,"score":0.5043846368789673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.48629245162010193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76178495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4808784","display_name":"Asset (computer security)","level":2,"score":0.45035985112190247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.44532057642936707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4341515600681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107107730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2994424","display_name":"Consensus","level":3,"score":0.42573511600494385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13929819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176737","display_name":"Random function","level":3,"score":0.4166330099105835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.21721702814102173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41550386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529909","display_name":"Multi-agent system","level":2,"score":0.1812923550605774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13390982151031494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122123141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176623","display_name":"Random variable","level":2,"score":0.08384844660758972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.07585841417312622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3244403","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3244403","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10042427.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:84e59a647f9c41b685493e1415149446","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/84e59a647f9c41b685493e1415149446","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 14587-14611 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3244403","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3244403","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10042427.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.6499999761581421}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4321021854.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4321021854.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":89,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W101614012","https://openalex.org/W1498129884","https://openalex.org/W1610688607","https://openalex.org/W1997911919","https://openalex.org/W2008628546","https://openalex.org/W2067740651","https://openalex.org/W2075854425","https://openalex.org/W2098104887","https://openalex.org/W2099238526","https://openalex.org/W2102407227","https://openalex.org/W2112963602","https://openalex.org/W2116593077","https://openalex.org/W2165297797","https://openalex.org/W2182442992","https://openalex.org/W2278867595","https://openalex.org/W2283144047","https://openalex.org/W2295804537","https://openalex.org/W2335755599","https://openalex.org/W2399579591","https://openalex.org/W2491394098","https://openalex.org/W2536916975","https://openalex.org/W2567666263","https://openalex.org/W2584454765","https://openalex.org/W2601306580","https://openalex.org/W2605103916","https://openalex.org/W2621187651","https://openalex.org/W2717184009","https://openalex.org/W2754529701","https://openalex.org/W2758361015","https://openalex.org/W2758945826","https://openalex.org/W2762888877","https://openalex.org/W2766783464","https://openalex.org/W2794501668","https://openalex.org/W2794647042","https://openalex.org/W2801811971","https://openalex.org/W2807862198","https://openalex.org/W2810807736","https://openalex.org/W2884026699","https://openalex.org/W2886011329","https://openalex.org/W2886706106","https://openalex.org/W2898403889","https://openalex.org/W2902962809","https://openalex.org/W2904351506","https://openalex.org/W2911825405","https://openalex.org/W2914443561","https://openalex.org/W2935154965","https://openalex.org/W2945991332","https://openalex.org/W2947690458","https://openalex.org/W2954103930","https://openalex.org/W2962702554","https://openalex.org/W2981755312","https://openalex.org/W2991830877","https://openalex.org/W2997470263","https://openalex.org/W2998174560","https://openalex.org/W3003841905","https://openalex.org/W3014073258","https://openalex.org/W3014171364","https://openalex.org/W3034271611","https://openalex.org/W3089443464","https://openalex.org/W3089968305","https://openalex.org/W3101098008","https://openalex.org/W3124303716","https://openalex.org/W3124416857","https://openalex.org/W3124927426","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4212865176","https://openalex.org/W4220752848","https://openalex.org/W4226420663","https://openalex.org/W4229815470","https://openalex.org/W4241366606","https://openalex.org/W4243494487","https://openalex.org/W4248901544","https://openalex.org/W4283797590","https://openalex.org/W4285162713","https://openalex.org/W4288849478","https://openalex.org/W4289127653","https://openalex.org/W4310848017","https://openalex.org/W6610595629","https://openalex.org/W6678832241","https://openalex.org/W6682904396","https://openalex.org/W6685824816","https://openalex.org/W6749548732","https://openalex.org/W6751596620","https://openalex.org/W6751906606","https://openalex.org/W6756001099","https://openalex.org/W6761572098","https://openalex.org/W6762311736","https://openalex.org/W6769706386","https://openalex.org/W6960170295"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3093983424","https://openalex.org/W3200764598","https://openalex.org/W4297164159","https://openalex.org/W4224218729","https://openalex.org/W4312749043","https://openalex.org/W3091860474","https://openalex.org/W4251971581","https://openalex.org/W2945934781","https://openalex.org/W3201708707","https://openalex.org/W4292208663"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Consensus":[0],"algorithms":[1],"that":[2,70],"function":[3,43],"in":[4,14,35,67,107,117,136,167],"permissionless":[5,40],"blockchain":[6,23,36,41,69,137],"systems":[7,42,138],"must":[8],"randomly":[9],"select":[10],"new":[11,22],"block":[12],"proposers":[13],"a":[15,21],"decentralised":[16,54],"environment.":[17],"Our":[18],"contribution":[19],"is":[20,86,92],"consensus":[24,104,119],"algorithm":[25],"called":[26],"Proof-of-Publicly":[27],"Verifiable":[28],"Randomness":[29],"(PoPVR).":[30],"It":[31,110],"may":[32,132],"be":[33,134,143],"used":[34],"design":[37],"to":[38,49,62,95,112],"make":[39],"as":[44,85],"pseudo-random":[45,64],"number":[46,65,169],"generators":[47],"and":[48,76,91,124,153,159],"use":[50],"the":[51,68,87,96,103,118,154,168],"results":[52],"for":[53,146],"consensus.":[55],"The":[56],"method":[57],"employs":[58],"verifiable":[59],"random":[60],"functions":[61,125],"embed":[63],"seeds":[66],"are":[71],"confidential,":[72],"tamper-resistant,":[73],"unpredictable,":[74],"collision-resistant,":[75],"publicly":[77],"verifiable.":[78],"PoPVR":[79,131,161],"does":[80],"not":[81,93],"require":[82],"large-scale":[83],"computation,":[84],"case":[88],"with":[89,164],"Proof-of-Work":[90],"vulnerable":[94],"exclusion":[97],"of":[98,115,157,170],"less":[99],"wealthy":[100],"stakeholders":[101],"from":[102],"process":[105,120],"inherent":[106],"stake-based":[108],"alternatives.":[109],"aims":[111],"promote":[113],"fairness":[114],"participation":[116],"by":[121],"all":[122],"participants":[123],"transparently":[126],"using":[127],"only":[128],"open-source":[129],"algorithms.":[130],"also":[133],"useful":[135],"where":[139],"asset":[140],"values":[141],"cannot":[142],"directly":[144],"compared,":[145],"example,":[147],"logistical":[148],"systems,":[149],"intellectual":[150],"property":[151],"records":[152],"direct":[155],"trading":[156],"commodities":[158],"services.":[160],"scales":[162],"well":[163],"complexity":[165],"linear":[166],"transactions":[171],"per":[172],"block.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
