{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4319878687","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3244008","title":"IoT-Based Non-Intrusive Automated Driver Drowsiness Monitoring Framework for Logistics and Public Transport Applications to Enhance Road Safety","display_name":"IoT-Based Non-Intrusive Automated Driver Drowsiness Monitoring Framework for Logistics and Public Transport Applications to Enhance Road Safety","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4319878687","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3244008"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3244008","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3244008","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10041913.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10041913.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053340457","display_name":"M. Adil Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9435-1431"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Adil Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronics Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","National Centre of Robotics and Automation (NCRA), National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9435-1431","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Centre of Robotics and Automation (NCRA), National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046947641","display_name":"Tahir Nawaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9511-8105"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tahir Nawaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronics Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","National Centre of Robotics and Automation (NCRA), National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Centre of Robotics and Automation (NCRA), National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071160585","display_name":"Umar Shahbaz Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5263-1408"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Umar S. Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronics Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","National Centre of Robotics and Automation (NCRA), National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5263-1408","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Centre of Robotics and Automation (NCRA), National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069000246","display_name":"Amir Hamza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2360-5494"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir Hamza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronics Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","National Centre of Robotics and Automation (NCRA), National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Centre of Robotics and Automation (NCRA), National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017247129","display_name":"Nasir Rashid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0499-8042"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nasir Rashid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronics Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","National Centre of Robotics and Automation (NCRA), National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0499-8042","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Centre of Robotics and Automation (NCRA), National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":15.8325,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":67,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99395913,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"14385","last_page":"14397"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12406","display_name":"IoT and GPS-based Vehicle Safety Systems","score":0.9861000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.9760000109672546,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8148059248924255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.6612951755523682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5375639200210571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.5231879353523254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distraction","display_name":"Distraction","score":0.51315838098526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android","display_name":"Android (operating system)","score":0.5032042860984802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4591282308101654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.45008012652397156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-phone","display_name":"Mobile phone","score":0.42937329411506653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.41138404607772827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.3982802629470825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2379918098449707}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8148059248924255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.6612951755523682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5375639200210571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.5231879353523254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776378700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3030775","display_name":"Distraction","level":2,"score":0.51315838098526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557433098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android (operating system)","level":2,"score":0.5032042860984802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4591282308101654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.45008012652397156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777421447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17517","display_name":"Mobile phone","level":2,"score":0.42937329411506653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.41138404607772827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.3982802629470825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2379918098449707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3244008","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3244008","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10041913.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ecbce90edf52413cac3c1bd6ca0dc383","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ecbce90edf52413cac3c1bd6ca0dc383","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 14385-14397 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3244008","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3244008","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10041913.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8475936117","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DF 1009-0031","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322799","funder_display_name":"Higher Education Commission, Pakistan"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319620","display_name":"National Centre of Robotics and Automation","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322799","display_name":"Higher Education Commission, Pakistan","ror":"https://ror.org/038y3sz68"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326275","display_name":"Higher Education Commision, Pakistan","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4319878687.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4319878687.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1948187325","https://openalex.org/W1993263387","https://openalex.org/W2025623975","https://openalex.org/W2057981419","https://openalex.org/W2243169871","https://openalex.org/W2434446492","https://openalex.org/W2509901229","https://openalex.org/W2510500429","https://openalex.org/W2513140567","https://openalex.org/W2754658003","https://openalex.org/W2783618220","https://openalex.org/W2802132828","https://openalex.org/W2892696727","https://openalex.org/W2900743626","https://openalex.org/W2907255389","https://openalex.org/W2948471128","https://openalex.org/W2948780138","https://openalex.org/W2994701833","https://openalex.org/W3004164628","https://openalex.org/W3009484298","https://openalex.org/W3011919746","https://openalex.org/W3023541645","https://openalex.org/W3024582231","https://openalex.org/W3038070101","https://openalex.org/W3045123757","https://openalex.org/W3082714404","https://openalex.org/W3107262938","https://openalex.org/W3108104807","https://openalex.org/W3134700636","https://openalex.org/W3156021081","https://openalex.org/W3172478842","https://openalex.org/W3182563019","https://openalex.org/W3191305555","https://openalex.org/W3217653266","https://openalex.org/W4205870670","https://openalex.org/W4206975644","https://openalex.org/W4212829408","https://openalex.org/W4214864895","https://openalex.org/W4223935537","https://openalex.org/W4283077725"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1984342691","https://openalex.org/W2470048815","https://openalex.org/W2324884046","https://openalex.org/W641612223","https://openalex.org/W2906771794","https://openalex.org/W2028203774","https://openalex.org/W4205873045","https://openalex.org/W2080126316","https://openalex.org/W4323276068","https://openalex.org/W2174716869"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"exponential":[1],"growth":[2],"in":[3,130],"road":[4,17],"accidents":[5],"has":[6,197,224],"led":[7],"to":[8,15,78,101,133,207],"a":[9,45,83,126,135,185],"need":[10],"for":[11,107,139,189,217],"continuous":[12],"driver":[13,50,103,218],"monitoring":[14,87,191],"enhance":[16],"safety.":[18],"Existing":[19],"techniques":[20],"rely":[21,65],"on":[22,66,153,192],"vehicle":[23],"sensor-based":[24],"and":[25,57,75,109,121,125,157,172,243],"behavior":[26,31,86],"analysis-based":[27,32],"approaches,":[28],"where":[29,201],"the":[30,167,246],"approaches":[33,62,81],"are":[34,53,76],"generally":[35,64],"considered":[36],"more":[37,46,84],"desirable":[38],"as":[39,55,143,145],"they":[40],"enable":[41],"reliable":[42],"detection":[43,150],"of":[44,49,115,147,169,233,245],"elaborate":[47],"set":[48,199],"behaviors.":[51],"They":[52],"categorized":[54],"intrusive":[56,61],"non-intrusive":[58,80,97],"approaches.":[59],"Unlike":[60],"that":[63],"constant":[67],"direct":[68],"human":[69],"contact":[70],"with":[71,212,238],"sensors":[72],"(physiological":[73],"signals)":[74],"sensitive":[77],"artifacts,":[79],"offer":[82],"effective":[85],"using":[88,160,179],"computer":[89],"vision-based":[90],"techniques.":[91],"This":[92],"paper":[93],"proposes":[94],"an":[95,116,131,161,239],"end-to-end":[96],"IoT-based":[98],"automated":[99],"framework":[100],"monitor":[102],"behaviors,":[104],"designed":[105],"specifically":[106],"logistic":[108],"public":[110],"transport":[111],"applications.":[112],"It":[113],"consists":[114],"embedded":[117,182],"system,":[118],"edge":[119,175],"computing":[120,123,176],"cloud":[122],"modules,":[124],"mobile":[127,195],"phone":[128],"application,":[129],"attempt":[132],"provide":[134],"holistic":[136],"unified":[137],"solution":[138],"drowsiness":[140,209],"detection,":[141],"monitoring,":[142],"well":[144],"evaluation":[146],"drivers.":[148],"Drowsiness":[149],"is":[151,177,235],"based":[152],"detecting":[154],"sleeping,":[155],"yawning,":[156],"distraction":[158],"behaviors":[159],"image":[162],"processing-based":[163],"technique.":[164],"To":[165],"minimize":[166],"effects":[168],"latency,":[170],"throughput,":[171],"packet":[173],"losses,":[174],"performed":[178],"commercial":[180],"off-the-shelf":[181],"boards.":[183],"Moreover,":[184],"cloud-hosted":[186],"real-time":[187],"database":[188],"remote":[190],"interactive":[193],"Android":[194],"application":[196],"been":[198,225],"up,":[200],"admin":[202],"can":[203],"add":[204],"multiple":[205],"drivers":[206],"get":[208],"notifications":[210],"along":[211,237],"other":[213],"useful":[214],"related":[215],"information":[216],"evaluation.":[219],"An":[220,230],"extensive":[221],"experimental":[222],"testing":[223],"performed,":[226],"obtaining":[227],"encouraging":[228],"results.":[229],"overall":[231],"accuracy":[232],"96%":[234],"achieved":[236],"enhanced":[240],"robustness,":[241],"portability,":[242],"usability":[244],"proposed":[247],"framework.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}