{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4319303192","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3242654","title":"CloudNet: A LiDAR-Based Face Anti-Spoofing Model That Is Robust Against Light Variation","display_name":"CloudNet: A LiDAR-Based Face Anti-Spoofing Model That Is Robust Against Light Variation","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4319303192","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3242654"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3242654","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3242654","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10038600.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10038600.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060291013","display_name":"Yongrae Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4959-5802"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongrae Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019984474","display_name":"Hyunmin Gwak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3824-3510"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24062138","display_name":"Konkuk University","ror":"https://ror.org/025h1m602","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24062138"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163586","display_name":"Mus\u00e9e de l'Homme","ror":"https://ror.org/05jbyqz27","country_code":"FR","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163586"]}],"countries":["FR","KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyunmin Gwak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mustree Company Ltd., Seoul, South Korea","Department of Applied Statistics, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mustree Company Ltd., Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163586"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Statistics, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24062138"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021903186","display_name":"Jaehoon Oh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8055-1467"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24062138","display_name":"Konkuk University","ror":"https://ror.org/025h1m602","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24062138"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaehoon Oh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Statistics, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Statistics, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24062138"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109549434","display_name":"Minho Kang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184908088","display_name":"Korea Military Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/024ctqw02","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184908088"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minho Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea","Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, Korea Military Academy, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, Korea Military Academy, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184908088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061842716","display_name":"Jinkyu Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6520-2074"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinkyu Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6520-2074","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040423887","display_name":"Hyun Kwon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1169-9892"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184908088","display_name":"Korea Military Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/024ctqw02","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184908088"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyun Kwon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, Korea Military Academy, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, Korea Military Academy, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184908088"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100430150","display_name":"Sunghwan Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0442-7795"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24062138","display_name":"Konkuk University","ror":"https://ror.org/025h1m602","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24062138"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sunghwan Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Statistics, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0442-7795","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Statistics, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24062138"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.5955,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82015713,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"16984","last_page":"16993"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9817000031471252,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.915529727935791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.7532072067260742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7404590845108032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.7272989749908447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.6535444259643555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5894196033477783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.5584076642990112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.4893569350242615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.450867235660553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4493725895881653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.43719688057899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structured-light","display_name":"Structured light","score":0.43035635352134705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3002903163433075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.11755791306495667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.08780407905578613}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.915529727935791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.7532072067260742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7404590845108032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.7272989749908447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.6535444259643555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5894196033477783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.5584076642990112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.4893569350242615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.450867235660553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4493725895881653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.43719688057899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193581530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q683778","display_name":"Structured light","level":2,"score":0.43035635352134705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3002903163433075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.11755791306495667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.08780407905578613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3242654","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3242654","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10038600.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f598ba821cd74de5a37851554f4250af","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f598ba821cd74de5a37851554f4250af","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 16984-16993 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3242654","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3242654","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10038600.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3107293911","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020R1C1C1A01005229","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322349","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3479009489","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2020R1C1C1A01005229","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5480833243","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2021R1A4A5032622","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322349","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7770971745","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2021R1A4A5032622","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322349","display_name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01p262204"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4319303192.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4319303192.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977767406","https://openalex.org/W2110842278","https://openalex.org/W2135146871","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2416791088","https://openalex.org/W2809421645","https://openalex.org/W2899675781","https://openalex.org/W2909467494","https://openalex.org/W2921833147","https://openalex.org/W2962912109","https://openalex.org/W2963656031","https://openalex.org/W2968557240","https://openalex.org/W2998163473","https://openalex.org/W3022033573","https://openalex.org/W3035116217","https://openalex.org/W3035240864","https://openalex.org/W3036070786","https://openalex.org/W3036080349","https://openalex.org/W3040160982","https://openalex.org/W3045209015","https://openalex.org/W3080290137","https://openalex.org/W3109944402","https://openalex.org/W3111747582","https://openalex.org/W3121127014","https://openalex.org/W3132178755","https://openalex.org/W3135761984","https://openalex.org/W3135785775","https://openalex.org/W3139414251","https://openalex.org/W3164848716","https://openalex.org/W3173112500","https://openalex.org/W3196056240","https://openalex.org/W3199048838","https://openalex.org/W3203625766","https://openalex.org/W3204855109","https://openalex.org/W3213995918","https://openalex.org/W4206326349","https://openalex.org/W4226397617","https://openalex.org/W4280511105","https://openalex.org/W4281385654","https://openalex.org/W4281391380","https://openalex.org/W4285132306","https://openalex.org/W4306832857","https://openalex.org/W4321383472","https://openalex.org/W6797470040"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2783354812","https://openalex.org/W4384112194","https://openalex.org/W2103009189","https://openalex.org/W4312958259","https://openalex.org/W4308259661","https://openalex.org/W4390813131","https://openalex.org/W2349383066","https://openalex.org/W4328132048","https://openalex.org/W1969901537","https://openalex.org/W2119768059"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Face":[0],"anti-spoofing":[1],"(FAS)":[2],"is":[3,21,32,79,85,93,112],"a":[4,26,80,109,130,211],"technology":[5],"that":[6,84,111,167,203],"protects":[7],"face":[8,34],"recognition":[9],"systems":[10],"from":[11,51],"presentation":[12],"attacks.":[13],"The":[14],"current":[15],"challenge":[16],"faced":[17],"by":[18,96,177,190],"FAS":[19,41,206],"studies":[20],"the":[22,55,88,106,125,152,155,161,182,186,204,217],"difficulty":[23],"in":[24,87,160],"creating":[25],"generalized":[27,213],"light":[28,39,62,72,97,115,162],"variation":[29],"model.":[30,219],"This":[31],"because":[33],"data":[35],"are":[36,133,144,148],"sensitive":[37],"to":[38,114,150,158],"domain.":[40,163],"models":[42],"using":[43],"only":[44],"red":[45],"green":[46],"blue":[47],"(RGB)":[48],"images":[49],"suffer":[50],"poor":[52],"performance":[53,120,153,214],"when":[54],"training":[56],"and":[57,74,98,102,117,135,142,171,179,192],"test":[58],"datasets":[59,127],"have":[60],"different":[61],"variations.":[63],"To":[64],"overcome":[65],"this":[66,68],"problem,":[67],"study":[69],"focuses":[70],"on":[71],"detection":[73],"ranging":[75],"(LiDAR)":[76],"sensors.":[77],"LiDAR":[78,131],"time-of-flight":[81],"depth":[82,103,143],"sensor":[83],"included":[86],"latest":[89],"mobile":[90],"devices.":[91],"It":[92],"negligibly":[94],"affected":[95],"provides":[99],"3D":[100],"coordinate":[101],"information":[104],"of":[105,154,185],"target.":[107],"Thus,":[108],"model":[110,156,188,207],"resistant":[113],"variations":[116,159],"exhibiting":[118],"excellent":[119],"can":[121],"be":[122],"created.":[123],"For":[124],"experiment,":[126],"collected":[128],"with":[129,197,208,216],"camera":[132],"built":[134],"CloudNet":[136,173,209],"architectures":[137],"for":[138,168],"RGB,":[139],"point":[140],"clouds,":[141],"designed.":[145],"Three":[146],"protocols":[147,169],"used":[149],"confirm":[151],"according":[157],"Experimental":[164],"results":[165,201],"indicate":[166],"2":[170],"3,":[172],"error":[174,183],"rates":[175,184],"increase":[176,189],"0.1340":[178],"0.1528,":[180],"whereas":[181],"RGB":[187,218],"0.3951":[191],"0.4111,":[193],"respectively,":[194],"as":[195],"compared":[196,215],"protocol":[198],"1.":[199],"These":[200],"demonstrate":[202],"LiDAR-based":[205],"has":[210],"more":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}