{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4319998068","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3240100","title":"Toward Generalization of Deep Learning-Based Plant Disease Identification Under Controlled and Field Conditions","display_name":"Toward Generalization of Deep Learning-Based Plant Disease Identification Under Controlled and Field Conditions","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4319998068","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3240100"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3240100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3240100","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10026479.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10026479.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046464635","display_name":"Aanis Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7431-0808"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aanis Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051018107","display_name":"Aly El Gamal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0400-4506"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aly El Gamal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025951776","display_name":"Dharmendra Saraswat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8882-0510"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dharmendra Saraswat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046464635"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":37.1899,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":94,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99825833,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"9042","last_page":"9057"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12660","display_name":"Plant Disease Management Techniques","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10825","display_name":"Plant Pathogens and Fungal Diseases","score":0.9768999814987183,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1307","display_name":"Cell Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7557567358016968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalizability-theory","display_name":"Generalizability theory","score":0.7516577243804932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.7296627759933472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.6675888299942017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6272740364074707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6140023469924927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.6090757846832275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.528745174407959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.518986165523529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.501885175704956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plant-disease","display_name":"Plant disease","score":0.4874563217163086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4838067889213562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.22274968028068542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.16536253690719604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biotechnology","display_name":"Biotechnology","score":0.09923738241195679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botany","display_name":"Botany","score":0.08491125702857971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.08372148871421814}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7557567358016968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.7516577243804932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.7296627759933472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.6675888299942017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6272740364074707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6140023469924927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6090757846832275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.528745174407959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.518986165523529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.501885175704956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019235130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188956","display_name":"Plant disease","level":2,"score":0.4874563217163086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4838067889213562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.22274968028068542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.16536253690719604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150903083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108","display_name":"Biotechnology","level":1,"score":0.09923738241195679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.08491125702857971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.08372148871421814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3240100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3240100","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10026479.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:fund-1057","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/fund/58","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196310","display_name":"Purdue e-Pubs (Purdue University System)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801333002","host_organization_name":"Purdue University System","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801333002"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Purdue University Libraries Open Access Publishing Fund","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e81741e8485f44b0b4f4ef55b92c95d0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e81741e8485f44b0b4f4ef55b92c95d0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 9042-9057 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3240100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3240100","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10026479.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5606090949","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1012501","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332299","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309036","display_name":"Purdue University","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332299","display_name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/05qx3fv49"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4319998068.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4319998068.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W2004732416","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2277854822","https://openalex.org/W2339224825","https://openalex.org/W2339460098","https://openalex.org/W2473156356","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2550147261","https://openalex.org/W2614850301","https://openalex.org/W2730129132","https://openalex.org/W2789255992","https://openalex.org/W2790979755","https://openalex.org/W2800739703","https://openalex.org/W2808709127","https://openalex.org/W2888713935","https://openalex.org/W2895025043","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2977144840","https://openalex.org/W2988842639","https://openalex.org/W2989646980","https://openalex.org/W2995051770","https://openalex.org/W2997435144","https://openalex.org/W3005426330","https://openalex.org/W3036241636","https://openalex.org/W3106505022","https://openalex.org/W3152278332","https://openalex.org/W3160423595","https://openalex.org/W3173170759","https://openalex.org/W3177354183","https://openalex.org/W3177770677","https://openalex.org/W3210778024","https://openalex.org/W3211538292","https://openalex.org/W3215389696","https://openalex.org/W4205486683","https://openalex.org/W4237457378","https://openalex.org/W4238725051","https://openalex.org/W4282974753","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6703892329","https://openalex.org/W6793364737","https://openalex.org/W6803801263"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2167883292","https://openalex.org/W4315652208","https://openalex.org/W4206357785","https://openalex.org/W3192840557","https://openalex.org/W4281381188","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W4375928479","https://openalex.org/W3167935049","https://openalex.org/W3023427754","https://openalex.org/W3131673289"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Identifying":[0],"corn":[1,161,214],"diseases":[2,51,69,94,162],"under":[3],"field":[4,260],"conditions":[5,90],"is":[6],"crucial":[7],"for":[8,49,66,91,149,159,171,228,275],"implementing":[9],"effective":[10],"disease":[11,18,101,215,278],"management":[12,279],"systems.":[13,280],"Deep":[14],"learning":[15,134],"(DL)-based":[16],"plant":[17,68,93],"identification":[19],"using":[20,95,129,137,204,251],"deep":[21],"neural":[22],"networks":[23],"(DNN)":[24],"has":[25],"been":[26],"successfully":[27],"implemented":[28],"in":[29,52,103],"recent":[30],"years.":[31],"Recent":[32],"work":[33],"suggests":[34],"DL":[35,64,82,178,269],"models":[36,65,83,124,270],"trained":[37,126,203],"on":[38],"lab-acquired":[39],"image":[40,122],"data":[41,170,263],"do":[42],"not":[43,59],"generalize":[44,84],"to":[45,223],"similar":[46],"accuracy":[47,193,225],"levels":[48],"identifying":[50,67,92],"the":[53,61,156,173,184,188,199,229,239,242,265],"field.":[54],"Additionally,":[55],"most":[56],"studies":[57],"have":[58],"evaluated":[60,128],"generalizability":[62],"of":[63,99,176,194,259,268],"from":[70,163,212,237,254],"various":[71],"datasets":[72,87,97,165],"and":[73,88,114,127,147,208,261,271],"diverse":[74],"imaging":[75],"conditions.":[76],"This":[77],"study":[78],"evaluates":[79],"how":[80],"well":[81],"across":[85],"different":[86,130,139,152,164],"environmental":[89],"five":[96,138],"consisting":[98],"foliar":[100],"images":[102,158,211,236,253],"corn:":[104],"namely":[105],"PlantVillage,":[106],"PlantDoc,":[107],"Digipathos,":[108],"northern":[109],"leaf":[110],"blight":[111],"(NLB)":[112],"dataset,":[113],"a":[115],"custom":[116],"acquired":[117],"CD&S":[118,213,243,255],"dataset.":[119,244],"Multiple":[120],"DL-based":[121],"classification":[123],"were":[125,166],"dataset":[131,216,231,256],"combinations.":[132],"Transfer":[133],"was":[135,181,196,202,226],"utilized":[136],"pre-trained":[140],"DNN":[141],"architectures:":[142],"InceptionV3,":[143],"ResNet50,":[144],"VGG16,":[145],"DesneNet169,":[146],"Xception,":[148],"conducting":[150],"four":[151],"experiments.":[153],"After":[154],"training":[155],"models,":[157],"distinct":[160],"used":[167,274],"as":[168],"testing":[169],"evaluating":[172],"generalization":[174,192,266],"ability":[175],"each":[177],"model.":[179],"It":[180],"observed":[182,197],"that":[183,248],"DenseNet169":[185,200],"model":[186,201],"performed":[187],"best.":[189],"The":[190,245],"highest":[191],"81.60%":[195],"when":[198,232],"red,":[205],"green,":[206],"blue,":[207],"alpha":[209],"(RGBA)":[210],"with":[217,234],"removed":[218],"backgrounds.":[219],"In":[220],"addition,":[221],"77.50%":[222],"80.33%":[224],"achieved":[227],"PlantVillage":[230],"combined":[233],"field-acquired":[235],"either":[238],"PlantDoc":[240],"or":[241,257],"results":[246],"suggest":[247],"background":[249],"removal":[250],"RGBA":[252],"augmentation":[258],"lab":[262],"improves":[264],"performance":[267],"could":[272],"be":[273],"developing":[276],"field-deployable":[277]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2023-02-11T00:00:00"}
