{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4315778366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3236604","title":"Achieving Online and Scalable Information Integrity by Harnessing Social Spam Correlations","display_name":"Achieving Online and Scalable Information Integrity by Harnessing Social Spam Correlations","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4315778366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3236604"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3236604","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3236604","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10015743.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10015743.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011296252","display_name":"Hailu Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6763-7098"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59897056","display_name":"California State University, Long Beach","ror":"https://ror.org/0080fxk18","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59897056"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hailu Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering and Computer Science, California State University, Long Beach, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6763-7098","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering and Computer Science, California State University, Long Beach, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59897056"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075502591","display_name":"Pinchao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7506-3506"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19700959","display_name":"Florida International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gz6gg07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114444","display_name":"Meta (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01zbnvs85","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pinchao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA","Meta Platforms Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta Platforms Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058767587","display_name":"Boyuan Guan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4244-5011"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19700959","display_name":"Florida International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gz6gg07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boyuan Guan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100776173","display_name":"Qingyang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5729-2898"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121820613","display_name":"Louisiana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ect4e57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingyang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045204301","display_name":"Dilma Da Silva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6538-2888"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dilma Da Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6538-2888","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113952097","display_name":"Liting Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8512-5176"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185103710","display_name":"University of California, Santa Cruz","ror":"https://ror.org/03s65by71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185103710"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liting Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185103710"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.5881,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90806805,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"7768","last_page":"7781"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8504729270935059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7265667915344238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-hash-table","display_name":"Distributed hash table","score":0.5338106751441956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5079055428504944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-graph","display_name":"Social graph","score":0.4637603759765625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-network","display_name":"Social network (sociolinguistics)","score":0.4614369571208954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.4061128497123718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3850358724594116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.34928518533706665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.31392955780029297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.20717069506645203}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8504729270935059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7265667915344238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780224649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863506","display_name":"Distributed hash table","level":3,"score":0.5338106751441956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5079055428504944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777522414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q648457","display_name":"Social graph","level":3,"score":0.4637603759765625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4727928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164759","display_name":"Social network (sociolinguistics)","level":3,"score":0.4614369571208954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.4061128497123718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3850358724594116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.34928518533706665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.31392955780029297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.20717069506645203}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3236604","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3236604","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10015743.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.lsu.edu:eecs_pubs-3739","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.lsu.edu/eecs_pubs/2737","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169993","display_name":"Civil War Book Review","issn_l":"1528-6592","issn":["1528-6592"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315936","host_organization_name":"Louisiana State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315936"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Louisiana State University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Publications","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:239ae37463844cd883cd2cd58aaa6f27","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/239ae37463844cd883cd2cd58aaa6f27","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 7768-7781 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3236604","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3236604","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10015743.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.550000011920929,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1105883069","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSF-SPX-2202859","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1749499113","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSF-HDR-1934904","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2192494616","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSF-SPX-1919181","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G313812095","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1934904","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5222894045","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSF-CAREER-2205677","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5406863637","display_name":"OAC Core: A Scalable and Deployable Container Orchestration Cyber Infrastructure Toolkit for Deploying Big Data Analytics Applications in Public Cloud","funder_award_id":"2212256","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5527436301","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSF-OAC-2212256","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6671297155","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CAREER","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6779968750","display_name":"SPX: Collaborative Research: NG4S: A Next-generation Geo-distributed Scalable Stateful Stream Processing System","funder_award_id":"2202859","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G980079134","display_name":"SPX: Collaborative Research: NG4S: A Next-generation Geo-distributed Scalable Stateful Stream Processing System","funder_award_id":"1919181","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4315778366.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4315778366.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1505810610","https://openalex.org/W1541525934","https://openalex.org/W1850562331","https://openalex.org/W1851422430","https://openalex.org/W1929765742","https://openalex.org/W1965586806","https://openalex.org/W2040895929","https://openalex.org/W2100738695","https://openalex.org/W2130218092","https://openalex.org/W2156644501","https://openalex.org/W2165613200","https://openalex.org/W2166707941","https://openalex.org/W2167898414","https://openalex.org/W2169015768","https://openalex.org/W2170616854","https://openalex.org/W2171846149","https://openalex.org/W2542459869","https://openalex.org/W2620400359","https://openalex.org/W2762828804","https://openalex.org/W2783564496","https://openalex.org/W2792307011","https://openalex.org/W2792637072","https://openalex.org/W2798314078","https://openalex.org/W2883730939","https://openalex.org/W2890535720","https://openalex.org/W2896959978","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2914050157","https://openalex.org/W2915047133","https://openalex.org/W2945757489","https://openalex.org/W2951307134","https://openalex.org/W2952264488","https://openalex.org/W2980995841","https://openalex.org/W3006133563","https://openalex.org/W3011345566","https://openalex.org/W3011573535","https://openalex.org/W3028571922","https://openalex.org/W3035764154","https://openalex.org/W3037316620","https://openalex.org/W3040200962","https://openalex.org/W3089703818","https://openalex.org/W3101739755","https://openalex.org/W3103056243","https://openalex.org/W3104326162","https://openalex.org/W3104758113","https://openalex.org/W3105703341","https://openalex.org/W3121889917","https://openalex.org/W3129381801","https://openalex.org/W3151793507","https://openalex.org/W3155564043","https://openalex.org/W3160491517","https://openalex.org/W3183601421","https://openalex.org/W3192600070","https://openalex.org/W3195107722","https://openalex.org/W4213221013","https://openalex.org/W4213251304","https://openalex.org/W4250390143","https://openalex.org/W4255611719","https://openalex.org/W4288079542","https://openalex.org/W4298095555","https://openalex.org/W6607259140","https://openalex.org/W6607528890","https://openalex.org/W6628546715","https://openalex.org/W6640219249","https://openalex.org/W6802259996"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1984519372","https://openalex.org/W1556447242","https://openalex.org/W4389733940","https://openalex.org/W2120116197","https://openalex.org/W159653547","https://openalex.org/W1983063916","https://openalex.org/W4362644772","https://openalex.org/W2158052187","https://openalex.org/W2948091038","https://openalex.org/W2116533290"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Malicious":[0],"web":[1],"links,":[2],"social":[3,16,31,51,74,82,145,189,207,221],"rumors,":[4],"fraudulent":[5],"advertisements,":[6],"faked":[7],"comments,":[8],"and":[9,28,65,137,160,173,194,214],"biased":[10],"propaganda":[11],"are":[12],"overwhelmingly":[13],"influencing":[14],"online":[15,64,144,217],"networks.":[17,222],"Enabling":[18],"information":[19,114,140],"integrity":[20],"is":[21,94],"a":[22,128,149,175,196],"hot":[23],"topic":[24],"in":[25,85,91,123,142,216],"both":[26],"academia":[27],"industry.":[29],"Traditional":[30],"spam":[32,52,75,218],"detection":[33,68,113,219],"techniques":[34,101],"rely":[35],"on":[36,41],"centralized":[37],"processing,":[38],"focusing":[39],"only":[40],"one":[42],"specific":[43],"set":[44],"of":[45,99,112,119,157,170,198],"data":[46,56,83,190],"sources,":[47],"thereby":[48],"ignoring":[49],"the":[50,78,97,108,155,168,185,199],"correlations":[53,79,186],"between":[54,80],"distributed":[55,130,188],"sources.":[57,191],"In":[58],"this":[59],"paper,":[60],"we":[61],"propose":[62],"an":[63],"scalable":[66],"misinformation":[67],"system,":[69],"named":[70],"Spiral,":[71],"to":[72,95,102,164,183],"uncover":[73],"by":[76,106],"leveraging":[77],"different":[81],"sources":[84],"geo-distributed":[86],"sites.":[87],"The":[88,117],"key":[89,125],"insight":[90],"our":[92,120],"approach":[93],"amplify":[96],"effectiveness":[98],"state-of-the-art":[100],"detect":[103],"inappropriate":[104,171],"posts":[105,159],"enabling":[107],"efficient":[109],"large-scale":[110,203],"propagation":[111,169],"across":[115],"domains.":[116],"novelty":[118],"design":[121],"lies":[122],"three":[124],"components:":[126],"(1)":[127],"decentralized":[129],"hash-table-based":[131],"tree":[132,152],"overlay":[133],"deployment":[134],"for":[135,153,220],"harvesting":[136],"uncovering":[138],"deceptive":[139],"spreading":[141],"multiple":[143,181],"networks":[146],"communities;":[147],"(2)":[148],"progressive":[150],"aggregation":[151],"collecting":[154],"properties":[156],"these":[158],"creating":[161],"new":[162],"classifiers":[163],"actively":[165],"filter":[166],"out":[167],"posts;":[172],"(3)":[174],"group":[176],"communication":[177],"structure":[178],"that":[179],"allows":[180],"groups":[182],"exchange":[184],"among":[187],"We":[192],"designed":[193],"implemented":[195],"prototype":[197],"Spiral":[200],"system.":[201],"Our":[202],"experiments,":[204],"using":[205],"real-world":[206],"data,":[208],"demonstrate":[209],"Spiral\u2019s":[210],"scalability,":[211],"effective":[212],"load-balancing,":[213],"efficiency":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}