{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4315631905","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3236100","title":"Millimeter-Wave Feasibility in 5G Backhaul: A Cross-Layer Analysis of Blockage Impact","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Feasibility in 5G Backhaul: A Cross-Layer Analysis of Blockage Impact","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4315631905","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3236100"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3236100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3236100","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10014993.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10014993.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079191122","display_name":"T\u00e2nia Ferreira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-4016"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tania Ferreira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Telecomunica&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es, Aveiro, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunica&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es, Aveiro, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001102536","display_name":"Alexandre Figueiredo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9582-3111"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexandre Figueiredo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Telecomunica&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es, Aveiro, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9582-3111","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunica&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es, Aveiro, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110474017","display_name":"Duarte Raposo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Duarte Raposo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Telecomunica&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es, Aveiro, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5621-7194","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunica&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es, Aveiro, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021551324","display_name":"Miguel Lu\u00eds","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3488-2462"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miguel Luis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Telecomunica&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es, Aveiro, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3488-2462","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunica&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es, Aveiro, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027601223","display_name":"Pedro Rito","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1151-9268"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pedro Rito","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Telecomunica&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es, Aveiro, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1151-9268","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunica&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es, Aveiro, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008921007","display_name":"Susana Sargento","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8761-8281"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susana Sargento","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Telecomunica&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es, Aveiro, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8761-8281","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunica&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es, Aveiro, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.9189,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69740084,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"5178","last_page":"5192"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13905","display_name":"Telecommunications and Broadcasting Technologies","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backhaul","display_name":"Backhaul (telecommunications)","score":0.844475507736206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7738391757011414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.7213166356086731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.5373268723487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phy","display_name":"PHY","score":0.5157065987586975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.47786539793014526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.45858287811279297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.44789865612983704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2639618515968323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.253948450088501}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103760667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798444","display_name":"Backhaul (telecommunications)","level":3,"score":0.844475507736206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7738391757011414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.7213166356086731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.5373268723487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41918916","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"PHY","level":4,"score":0.5157065987586975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.47786539793014526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.45858287811279297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.44789865612983704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2639618515968323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.253948450088501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3236100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3236100","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10014993.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bbfbc379f4f347afadd3869c7d0ceb19","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bbfbc379f4f347afadd3869c7d0ceb19","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 5178-5192 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3236100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3236100","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10014993.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G121659266","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Portugal 2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328601","funder_display_name":"Programa Operacional Regional do Centro"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2668326464","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CENTRO 2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3141625133","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CENTRO-01-0247-FEDER-045929","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3838636553","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"-01-0247-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4133970912","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"045929","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6055845703","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CENTRO 2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328601","funder_display_name":"Programa Operacional Regional do Centro"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6671678162","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CENTRO-01-0247-FEDER-045929","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330264","funder_display_name":"MIT Portugal"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328601","display_name":"Programa Operacional Regional do Centro","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330264","display_name":"MIT Portugal","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","ror":"https://ror.org/00snfqn58"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4315631905.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4315631905.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1876163483","https://openalex.org/W2053521124","https://openalex.org/W2106275682","https://openalex.org/W2125324284","https://openalex.org/W2140750253","https://openalex.org/W2157725608","https://openalex.org/W2258784622","https://openalex.org/W2525775259","https://openalex.org/W2738245414","https://openalex.org/W2739778833","https://openalex.org/W2766305950","https://openalex.org/W2888752652","https://openalex.org/W2891513429","https://openalex.org/W2971791412","https://openalex.org/W2985808603","https://openalex.org/W2986135718","https://openalex.org/W3006192365","https://openalex.org/W4285167209","https://openalex.org/W6692308016","https://openalex.org/W6769987897"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2884675509","https://openalex.org/W2949605195","https://openalex.org/W2151833482","https://openalex.org/W2884918639","https://openalex.org/W4302779852","https://openalex.org/W2562973540","https://openalex.org/W4233987608","https://openalex.org/W166283650","https://openalex.org/W2951275899","https://openalex.org/W2162786224"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"wireless":[1,92],"backhaul":[2,37,93],"has":[3,241],"become":[4],"a":[5,13,175,228,231],"key":[6],"enabler":[7],"for":[8,36,131],"5G":[9,40],"technology":[10],"by":[11],"presenting":[12],"cost-effective":[14],"and":[15,29,80,116,126,138,147,150,178,230],"scalable":[16],"alternative":[17],"to":[18,44,78,83,98,136,222,244],"the":[19,45,86,100,105,172,188,190],"typical":[20],"fiber":[21],"backhaul.":[22],"WiGig":[23],"protocols,":[24],"such":[25],"as":[26,162,164,181,183,203],"IEEE":[27,31],"802.11ad":[28],"later":[30],"802.11ay,":[32],"have":[33],"been":[34],"considered":[35],"connectivity":[38],"of":[39,47,51,88,102,119,174,216,226,233],"mobile":[41],"networks,":[42],"thanks":[43],"availability":[46],"high":[48,61,163,182],"bandwidths":[49],"capable":[50],"achieving":[52],"fiber-like":[53],"data":[54],"rates.":[55],"However,":[56],"this":[57],"band":[58],"suffers":[59],"from":[60,206],"propagation":[62],"loss":[63],"that":[64,144,168],"can":[65,169,192],"only":[66],"be":[67,170,193],"compensated":[68],"using":[69],"highly":[70,194],"directional":[71],"antennas,":[72],"making":[73],"mmWave":[74],"links":[75],"more":[76,207,237],"susceptible":[77],"blockage":[79],"errors.":[81],"Thus,":[82],"effectively":[84],"evaluate":[85],"viability":[87],"WiGig-based":[89,133],"technologies":[90],"in":[91,154,171,200,236],"scenarios,":[94],"it":[95,240],"is":[96],"crucial":[97],"characterize":[99],"impact":[101],"obstruction":[103,219],"across":[104],"different":[106],"network":[107],"layers.":[108],"This":[109,141,196],"article":[110],"presents":[111],"an":[112],"extensive":[113],"measurement":[114],"campaign":[115],"cross-layer":[117],"analysis":[118],"physical":[120],"(PHY),":[121],"medium":[122],"access":[123],"control":[124],"(MAC),":[125],"transport":[127],"layers":[128],"metrics":[129],"measured":[130],"outdoor":[132],"hardware":[134],"submitted":[135],"short-term":[137,201],"long-term":[139,155],"blockage.":[140],"study":[142],"found":[143],"maintaining":[145],"constant":[146],"higher":[148],"modulation":[149],"coding":[151],"schemes":[152],"(MCSs)":[153],"blocked":[156],"channels":[157],"may":[158],"induce":[159],"packet":[160,179],"errors":[161],"100%,":[165],"round-trip-time":[166],"(RTTs)":[167],"order":[173],"few":[176],"seconds,":[177],"losses":[180],"90%.":[184],"Even":[185],"dynamically":[186],"adjusting":[187],"MCS,":[189],"performance":[191],"degraded.":[195],"effect":[197],"was":[198,220],"exacerbated":[199],"links,":[202],"they":[204],"suffered":[205],"extreme":[208,238],"MCS":[209],"changes":[210],"upon":[211],"sudden":[212],"obstructions.":[213],"Temporary":[214],"line":[215],"sight":[217],"(LOS)":[218],"shown":[221],"cause":[223],"maximum":[224],"delays":[225],"half":[227],"second":[229],"PER":[232],"around":[234],"20%;":[235],"cases,":[239],"even":[242],"led":[243],"temporary":[245],"link":[246],"failures.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-26T07:53:14.480251","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
