{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313855734","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3235272","title":"Universal Equivalent Model for Real-Time CPU/FPGA Co-Simulation of Hybrid Cascaded Multilevel Converters","display_name":"Universal Equivalent Model for Real-Time CPU/FPGA Co-Simulation of Hybrid Cascaded Multilevel Converters","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313855734","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3235272"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3235272","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3235272","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10011408.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10011408.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012929151","display_name":"Levi Bieber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9302-7226"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260628","display_name":"University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/04241wz75","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I822440","display_name":"Okanagan University College","ror":"https://ror.org/02mxmh518","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I822440"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Levi Bieber","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I822440","https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100406724","display_name":"Liwei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1076-5827"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260628","display_name":"University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/04241wz75","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I822440","display_name":"Okanagan University College","ror":"https://ror.org/02mxmh518","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I822440"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liwei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I822440","https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014255471","display_name":"Juri Jatskevich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3069-327X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juri Jatskevich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100317975","display_name":"Wei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6005-0892"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154558","display_name":"Opal-Rt Technologies (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/05qnbjn88","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154558"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["OPAL-RT Technologies, Montreal, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"OPAL-RT Technologies, Montreal, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154558"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012929151"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628","https://openalex.org/I822440"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.2586,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.50107351,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"4228","last_page":"4241"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11102","display_name":"HVDC Systems and Fault Protection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11102","display_name":"HVDC Systems and Fault Protection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12810","display_name":"Real-time simulation and control systems","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10361","display_name":"Silicon Carbide Semiconductor Technologies","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/converters","display_name":"Converters","score":0.8154118061065674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.7447943091392517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6615033745765686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/co-simulation","display_name":"Co-simulation","score":0.461242139339447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.4182508587837219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3658409118652344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3513636589050293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-science","display_name":"Computational science","score":0.344710111618042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.15913671255111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12356024980545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.102061927318573}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778422915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10302051","display_name":"Converters","level":3,"score":0.8154118061065674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.7447943091392517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6615033745765686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780974030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16951926","display_name":"Co-simulation","level":2,"score":0.461242139339447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.4182508587837219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3658409118652344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3513636589050293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C459310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801","display_name":"Computational science","level":1,"score":0.344710111618042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.15913671255111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12356024980545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.102061927318573}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3235272","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3235272","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10011408.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:de9e70339cb24167be626be95ebe9cbb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/de9e70339cb24167be626be95ebe9cbb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 4228-4241 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3235272","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3235272","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10011408.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8100000023841858}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2165548363","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Canada","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8284766523","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(NSERC)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313855734.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313855734.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1915388693","https://openalex.org/W1969526018","https://openalex.org/W1993830253","https://openalex.org/W2063745977","https://openalex.org/W2068481191","https://openalex.org/W2091065431","https://openalex.org/W2147889003","https://openalex.org/W2160311820","https://openalex.org/W2285720449","https://openalex.org/W2318831536","https://openalex.org/W2320858657","https://openalex.org/W2323995090","https://openalex.org/W2343754817","https://openalex.org/W2507757002","https://openalex.org/W2543830354","https://openalex.org/W2595037616","https://openalex.org/W2742461864","https://openalex.org/W2914387259","https://openalex.org/W3007212929","https://openalex.org/W3016528920","https://openalex.org/W3034715752","https://openalex.org/W4226341018"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W631083485","https://openalex.org/W4313452936","https://openalex.org/W2097026685","https://openalex.org/W2480068220","https://openalex.org/W2070883797","https://openalex.org/W4386859288","https://openalex.org/W2102542442","https://openalex.org/W1986220761","https://openalex.org/W2042495646","https://openalex.org/W2891909102"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Real-time":[0],"simulation":[1,32],"is":[2,33,66,94,168],"important":[3],"for":[4,37,68],"ensuring":[5],"the":[6,17,49,81,97,109,119,125,133,152,161],"reliable":[7],"operation":[8],"of":[9,19,52,71,83,124,136,140],"VSC-HVDC":[10],"converters":[11,40,56],"in":[12],"power":[13],"grids,":[14],"particularly":[15],"through":[16,80],"use":[18,82],"rapid":[20],"control":[21],"prototyping":[22],"(RCP)":[23],"and":[24,77,86,105,122,128,146,155],"hardware-in-the-loop":[25],"(HIL)":[26],"based":[27],"converter":[28,100],"controllers.":[29],"While":[30],"real-time":[31,165],"a":[34,61,69,102,137],"common":[35],"practice":[36],"modular":[38],"multilevel":[39,55],"(MMCs),":[41],"it":[42],"has":[43],"been":[44],"less":[45],"frequently":[46],"applied":[47],"to":[48,117,131,170,177],"new":[50],"class":[51],"hybrid":[53,98],"cascaded":[54],"(HCMCs).":[57],"In":[58,150],"this":[59],"study,":[60],"universal":[62],"equivalent":[63,175],"model":[64,176],"(UEM)":[65],"proposed":[67,92,164],"range":[70],"HCMC":[72,110],"topologies":[73],"that":[74],"combines":[75],"accuracy":[76],"computational":[78],"efficiency":[79],"both":[84],"CPUs":[85,116],"field-programmable":[87],"gate":[88],"arrays":[89],"(FPGAs).":[90],"The":[91,112,163],"UEM":[93,113],"derived":[95],"using":[96],"five-level":[99],"(H5LC),":[101],"compact,":[103],"efficient,":[104],"fault-tolerant":[106],"VSC":[107],"within":[108],"family.":[111],"relies":[114],"on":[115,160],"simulate":[118],"main":[120,126],"circuits":[121],"controls":[123],"converter,":[127],"utilizes":[129],"FPGAs":[130],"calculate":[132],"instantaneous":[134],"voltages":[135],"large":[138],"number":[139],"full-bridge":[141],"submodules":[142],"(FBSMs),":[143],"flying":[144],"capacitors,":[145],"DC-side":[147],"pole":[148],"capacitors.":[149],"addition,":[151],"FBSMs\u2019":[153],"voltage-balancing":[154],"switching":[156],"algorithms":[157],"are":[158],"implemented":[159],"FPGAs.":[162],"CPU/FPGA-based":[166],"H5LC-UEM":[167],"compared":[169],"an":[171],"offline":[172],"CPU-based":[173],"detailed":[174],"verify":[178],"its":[179],"accuracy.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
