{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313555301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3234622","title":"Most Resource Efficient Matrix Vector Multiplication on FPGAs","display_name":"Most Resource Efficient Matrix Vector Multiplication on FPGAs","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313555301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3234622"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3234622","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3234622","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10007836.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10007836.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002123246","display_name":"Alexander Lehnert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5111-4620"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51783024","display_name":"Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg","ror":"https://ror.org/02wxx3e24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51783024"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Lehnert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Computer Engineering, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5111-4620","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Computer Engineering, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51783024"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002208253","display_name":"Philipp Holzinger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2912-0650"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181369854","display_name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","ror":"https://ror.org/00f7hpc57","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philipp Holzinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Computer Architecture, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2912-0650","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Computer Architecture, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054830508","display_name":"Simon Pfenning","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181369854","display_name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","ror":"https://ror.org/00f7hpc57","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon Pfenning","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Computer Architecture, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9903-4136","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Computer Architecture, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026710677","display_name":"Ralf R. M\u00fcller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3780-9308"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ralf Muller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Digital Communications, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3780-9308","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Digital Communications, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014794132","display_name":"Marc Reichenbach","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9687-6247"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51783024","display_name":"Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg","ror":"https://ror.org/02wxx3e24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51783024"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marc Reichenbach","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Computer Engineering, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9687-6247","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Computer Engineering, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51783024"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":2060,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2221},"fwci":1.9853,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86090339,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"3881","last_page":"3898"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10829","display_name":"Interconnection Networks and Systems","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6822522878646851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matrix-multiplication","display_name":"Matrix multiplication","score":0.6344873905181885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.6197292804718018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplication","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","score":0.5529360175132751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matrix","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","score":0.4815831184387207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.4676736295223236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.18112564086914062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14816173911094666}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6822522878646851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17349429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049914","display_name":"Matrix multiplication","level":3,"score":0.6344873905181885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.6197292804718018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780595030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3860309","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","level":2,"score":0.5529360175132751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106487976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685816","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4815831184387207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.4676736295223236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.18112564086914062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14816173911094666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3234622","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3234622","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10007836.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ce9a2532b1d44e83b3955f7b4c5ce19c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ce9a2532b1d44e83b3955f7b4c5ce19c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 3881-3898 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3234622","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3234622","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10007836.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5099999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7520384414","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MU 3735/8-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G805125892","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RE 4182/4-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313555301.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313555301.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W331180034","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1973089001","https://openalex.org/W1995562189","https://openalex.org/W2026445983","https://openalex.org/W2035476608","https://openalex.org/W2037411704","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2115452265","https://openalex.org/W2127776431","https://openalex.org/W2143612262","https://openalex.org/W2151693816","https://openalex.org/W2163922914","https://openalex.org/W2406361933","https://openalex.org/W2508457857","https://openalex.org/W2517138139","https://openalex.org/W2561934809","https://openalex.org/W2606722458","https://openalex.org/W2611445287","https://openalex.org/W2741948058","https://openalex.org/W2791183331","https://openalex.org/W2791673912","https://openalex.org/W2887561955","https://openalex.org/W2891946740","https://openalex.org/W2894631351","https://openalex.org/W2898994846","https://openalex.org/W2899516590","https://openalex.org/W2899915146","https://openalex.org/W2900579067","https://openalex.org/W2907864265","https://openalex.org/W2913104037","https://openalex.org/W2947737663","https://openalex.org/W2948425324","https://openalex.org/W2954910491","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2974263490","https://openalex.org/W2977634443","https://openalex.org/W3009849929","https://openalex.org/W3017022649","https://openalex.org/W3031172388","https://openalex.org/W3047947467","https://openalex.org/W3091344897","https://openalex.org/W3091969046","https://openalex.org/W3097684660","https://openalex.org/W3101543398","https://openalex.org/W3120770213","https://openalex.org/W3133446571","https://openalex.org/W3160374529","https://openalex.org/W4240168186","https://openalex.org/W4254197176","https://openalex.org/W4285613754","https://openalex.org/W4302010773","https://openalex.org/W4310902985","https://openalex.org/W6763737044","https://openalex.org/W6775717222"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3099313426","https://openalex.org/W4287593139","https://openalex.org/W752783541","https://openalex.org/W1506547947","https://openalex.org/W2995605830","https://openalex.org/W4206811032","https://openalex.org/W2086123442","https://openalex.org/W1925544630","https://openalex.org/W2596457687","https://openalex.org/W3212757063"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fast":[0],"and":[1,13,105,173],"resource-efficient":[2],"inference":[3,52],"in":[4,18,132],"artificial":[5],"neural":[6],"networks":[7],"(ANNs)":[8],"is":[9,174],"of":[10,21,28,64,77,117,138,151,155,164],"utmost":[11],"importance":[12],"drives":[14],"many":[15],"new":[16,22,89],"developments":[17],"the":[19,47,75,115,118,152,156,161],"area":[20],"hardware":[23,90,129],"architectures,":[24],"e.g.,":[25],"by":[26,127,135],"means":[27],"systolic":[29],"arrays":[30],"or":[31],"algorithmic":[32],"optimization":[33],"such":[34],"as":[35],"pruning.":[36],"In":[37],"this":[38,93],"paper,":[39],"we":[40,122],"present":[41],"a":[42,88,99,136,170],"novel":[43],"method":[44,143],"for":[45,50,92,160,177],"lowering":[46,128],"computation":[48],"effort":[49],"ANN":[51],"utilizing":[53],"ideas":[54],"from":[55],"information":[56],"theory.":[57],"Weight":[58],"matrices":[59,107,154],"are":[60,70],"sliced":[61,104],"into":[62],"submatrices":[63],"logarithmic":[65],"aspect":[66],"ratios.":[67],"These":[68],"slices":[69],"then":[71],"factorized.":[72],"This":[73],"reduces":[74],"number":[76],"required":[78],"computations":[79],"without":[80],"compromising":[81],"on":[82,147],"fully":[83],"parallel":[84],"processing.":[85],"We":[86,96],"create":[87],"architecture":[91],"dedicated":[94],"purpose.":[95],"also":[97,175],"provide":[98],"tool":[100],"to":[101,109,114,140],"map":[102],"these":[103],"factorized":[106],"efficiently":[108],"reconfigurable":[110],"hardware.":[111],"By":[112],"comparing":[113],"state":[116],"art":[119],"FPGA":[120],"implementations,":[121],"can":[123],"prove":[124],"our":[125],"claim":[126],"resources":[130],"measured":[131],"look-up-tables":[133],"(LUTs)":[134],"factor":[137],"three":[139],"six.":[141],"Our":[142],"does":[144],"not":[145],"rely":[146],"any":[148],"particular":[149],"property":[150],"weight":[153],"ANN.":[157],"It":[158],"works":[159],"general":[162],"task":[163],"multiplying":[165],"an":[166],"input":[167],"vector":[168],"with":[169],"constant":[171],"matrix":[172],"suitable":[176],"digital":[178],"signal":[179],"processing":[180],"beyond":[181],"ANNs.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-05T07:55:05.734416","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}