{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312549535","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3232719","title":"Vision Transformer and Language Model Based Radiology Report Generation","display_name":"Vision Transformer and Language Model Based Radiology Report Generation","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312549535","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3232719"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3232719","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3232719","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/09999689.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/09999689.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061725368","display_name":"Mashood Mohammad Mohsan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5210-6753"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110357561","display_name":"University of the Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/048gmay44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110357561"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mashood Mohammad Mohsan","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Sciences and Technology","Department of Computer and Software Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5210-6753","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Sciences and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110357561","https://openalex.org/I929597975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Software Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017346745","display_name":"Muhammad Usman Akram","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6208-7231"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110357561","display_name":"University of the Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/048gmay44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110357561"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Usman Akram","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Sciences and Technology","Department of Computer and Software Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6208-7231","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Sciences and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110357561","https://openalex.org/I929597975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Software Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045996251","display_name":"Ghulam Rasool","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8551-0090"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3019308854","display_name":"Moffitt Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01xf75524","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3019308854"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghulam Rasool","raw_affiliation_strings":["Moffitt Cancer Center","Machine Learning Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8551-0090","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Moffitt Cancer Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019308854"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Learning Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019308854"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036220067","display_name":"Norah Saleh Alghamdi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6421-6001"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106778892","display_name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Norah Saleh Alghamdi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University","Department of Computer Sciences, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6421-6001","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098620615","display_name":"Muhammad Abdullah Aamer Baqai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Abdullah Aamer Baqai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State University","College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074783931","display_name":"Muhammad Abbas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0305-8166"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110357561","display_name":"University of the Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/048gmay44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110357561"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Abbas","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Sciences and Technology","Department of Computer and Software Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Sciences and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110357561","https://openalex.org/I929597975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Software Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.4066,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94204295,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"1814","last_page":"1824"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.818084716796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.7504692077636719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.5405115485191345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.5341697335243225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.518265962600708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.49965929985046387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.443400114774704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.33763784170150757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3342990577220917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1122683584690094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.08692967891693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.08007052540779114}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.818084716796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.7504692077636719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.5405115485191345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.5341697335243225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.518265962600708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.49965929985046387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.443400114774704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.33763784170150757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3342990577220917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1122683584690094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.08692967891693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.08007052540779114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3232719","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3232719","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/09999689.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7c44f44b995f4d888d6d649ca7f1b9ad","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7c44f44b995f4d888d6d649ca7f1b9ad","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 1814-1824 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3232719","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3232719","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/09999689.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8700000047683716}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8524248468","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PNURSP2023R04","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322484","funder_display_name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322484","display_name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312549535.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312549535.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W14244905","https://openalex.org/W1956340063","https://openalex.org/W2028798134","https://openalex.org/W2133512280","https://openalex.org/W2152772232","https://openalex.org/W2903721568","https://openalex.org/W2904711804","https://openalex.org/W2979861699","https://openalex.org/W2979956313","https://openalex.org/W3110077080","https://openalex.org/W3151410070","https://openalex.org/W3159481202","https://openalex.org/W3181252431","https://openalex.org/W4206368078","https://openalex.org/W4210315652","https://openalex.org/W4231122779","https://openalex.org/W4285531589","https://openalex.org/W4288089799","https://openalex.org/W4313156423","https://openalex.org/W4382202677","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6682631176","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6763509872","https://openalex.org/W6766193724","https://openalex.org/W6768851824","https://openalex.org/W6769627184","https://openalex.org/W6773815586","https://openalex.org/W6784955093","https://openalex.org/W6785519123","https://openalex.org/W6788135285","https://openalex.org/W6790992267","https://openalex.org/W6803086743","https://openalex.org/W6839832337","https://openalex.org/W6898505805"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3049463507","https://openalex.org/W2936497627","https://openalex.org/W4288365749","https://openalex.org/W3013624417","https://openalex.org/W4287826556","https://openalex.org/W4287598411","https://openalex.org/W3098382480","https://openalex.org/W3094871513","https://openalex.org/W3198458223","https://openalex.org/W4288267738"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"advancements":[1],"in":[2,10,15,37,95,116,178],"transformers":[3,132],"exploited":[4],"computer":[5],"vision":[6],"problems":[7],"which":[8],"results":[9],"state-of-the-art":[11],"models.":[12],"Transformer-based":[13],"models":[14,43,52],"various":[16],"sequence":[17],"prediction":[18],"tasks":[19],"such":[20],"as":[21,67,79,91,133],"language":[22,51,131],"translation,":[23],"sentiment":[24],"classification,":[25],"and":[26,53,73,93,125],"caption":[27,41,83,96],"generation":[28,35,42],"have":[29,54,64],"shown":[30],"remarkable":[31,171],"performance.":[32],"Auto":[33],"report":[34,98],"scenarios":[36,49],"medical":[38,85],"imaging":[39],"through":[40],"is":[44,101,148,153],"one":[45],"of":[46,111,180],"the":[47,109,139,142,166],"applied":[48],"for":[50],"strong":[55],"social":[56],"impact.":[57],"In":[58,104,135],"these":[59],"models,":[60],"convolution":[61],"neural":[62,75],"networks":[63,76],"been":[65],"used":[66,78,149],"encoder":[68,92,117],"to":[69,81,137,158],"gain":[70],"spatial":[71,113],"information":[72,115],"recurrent":[74],"are":[77],"decoder":[80,94],"generate":[82],"or":[84,97],"report.":[86],"However,":[87],"using":[88,119],"transformer":[89,123],"architecture":[90,124],"writing":[99],"task":[100],"still":[102],"unexplored.":[103],"this":[105],"research,":[106],"we":[107],"explored":[108],"effect":[110],"losing":[112],"biasness":[114],"by":[118],"pre-trained":[120,130],"vanilla":[121],"image":[122],"combine":[126],"it":[127],"with":[128,156,175],"different":[129,159,181],"decoder.":[134],"order":[136],"evaluate":[138],"proposed":[140,167],"methodology,":[141],"Indiana":[143],"University":[144],"Chest":[145],"X-Rays":[146],"dataset":[147],"where":[150],"ablation":[151],"study":[152],"also":[154],"conducted":[155],"respect":[157],"evaluations.":[160],"The":[161],"comparative":[162],"analysis":[163],"shows":[164],"that":[165],"methodology":[168],"has":[169],"represented":[170],"performance":[172,182],"when":[173],"compared":[174],"existing":[176],"techniques":[177],"terms":[179],"parameters.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-24T06:01:01.537669","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
