{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312447810","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3232301","title":"A Lightweight BT-Based Authentication Scheme for Illegal Signatures Identification in VANETs","display_name":"A Lightweight BT-Based Authentication Scheme for Illegal Signatures Identification in VANETs","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312447810","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3232301"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3232301","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3232301","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09999178.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09999178.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043143641","display_name":"Eko Fajar Cahyadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2585-9220"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143578492","display_name":"Asia University","ror":"https://ror.org/038a1tp19","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143578492"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131867","display_name":"Muhammadiyah University Purwokerto","ror":"https://ror.org/03j32c418","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131867"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387155996","display_name":"Institut Teknologi Telkom Purwokerto","ror":"https://ror.org/018zc6p18","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387155996"]}],"countries":["ID","TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eko Fajar Cahyadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan","Faculty of Telecommunication and Electrical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Telkom Purwokerto, Purwokerto, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2585-9220","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143578492"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Telecommunication and Electrical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Telkom Purwokerto, Purwokerto, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131867","https://openalex.org/I4387155996"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037292711","display_name":"Min\u2010Shiang Hwang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5502-8033"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143578492","display_name":"Asia University","ror":"https://ror.org/038a1tp19","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143578492"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184693016","display_name":"China Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00v408z34","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184693016"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126829","display_name":"China Medical University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/0368s4g32","country_code":"TW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126829"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min-Shiang Hwang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan","Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5502-8033","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143578492"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126829","https://openalex.org/I184693016"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.3693,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58577502,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"133869","last_page":"133882"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8643777966499329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7400248646736145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.716374397277832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5672861337661743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.5312761068344116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5249819159507751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4594183564186096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signature","display_name":"Signature (topology)","score":0.433539479970932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/message-authentication-code","display_name":"Message authentication code","score":0.42601120471954346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.41880089044570923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.4170669913291931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signature","display_name":"Digital signature","score":0.4164888262748718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-ad-hoc-network","display_name":"Wireless ad hoc network","score":0.41120439767837524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.19788610935211182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.18647480010986328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.10762691497802734}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8643777966499329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7400248646736145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.716374397277832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5672861337661743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5312761068344116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5249819159507751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4594183564186096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779696439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512811","display_name":"Signature (topology)","level":2,"score":0.433539479970932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141492731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052621","display_name":"Message authentication code","level":3,"score":0.42601120471954346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.41880089044570923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.4170669913291931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118463975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220849","display_name":"Digital signature","level":3,"score":0.4164888262748718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94523657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4085781","display_name":"Wireless ad hoc network","level":3,"score":0.41120439767837524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.19788610935211182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.18647480010986328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.10762691497802734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3232301","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3232301","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09999178.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cd6e2d68c8d74ef6a555a1f03257a86d","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cd6e2d68c8d74ef6a555a1f03257a86d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 133869-133882 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3232301","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3232301","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09999178.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6200000047683716,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3159041930","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 109-2221-E-468-011-MY3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6124857564","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 108-2410-H-468-023","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8632158126","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 111-2622-8-468-001-TM1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312447810.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312447810.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W122668372","https://openalex.org/W1610688607","https://openalex.org/W1921672120","https://openalex.org/W1965058431","https://openalex.org/W1966594777","https://openalex.org/W2014239329","https://openalex.org/W2016358833","https://openalex.org/W2067404467","https://openalex.org/W2080723908","https://openalex.org/W2089204248","https://openalex.org/W2095983617","https://openalex.org/W2109365902","https://openalex.org/W2112433472","https://openalex.org/W2121247918","https://openalex.org/W2152924492","https://openalex.org/W2168764490","https://openalex.org/W2308890454","https://openalex.org/W2316899877","https://openalex.org/W2402799701","https://openalex.org/W2404298875","https://openalex.org/W2406824099","https://openalex.org/W2490763308","https://openalex.org/W2586333888","https://openalex.org/W2804236074","https://openalex.org/W2887486920","https://openalex.org/W2903809575","https://openalex.org/W2905646440","https://openalex.org/W2914918703","https://openalex.org/W2969808385","https://openalex.org/W2990531962","https://openalex.org/W3000068208","https://openalex.org/W3008103224","https://openalex.org/W3034606293","https://openalex.org/W3197479334","https://openalex.org/W4206530253","https://openalex.org/W4229627031","https://openalex.org/W4285145753","https://openalex.org/W6640233077","https://openalex.org/W6713635539","https://openalex.org/W6713771477","https://openalex.org/W6770266790"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2149234266","https://openalex.org/W2390942931","https://openalex.org/W1932157736","https://openalex.org/W2350215162","https://openalex.org/W2017125388","https://openalex.org/W1601957798","https://openalex.org/W3082967883","https://openalex.org/W2382634619","https://openalex.org/W2125461068","https://openalex.org/W254439514"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Research":[0],"related":[1,146],"to":[2,35,44,96,117,136,169,242],"vehicular":[3],"ad":[4],"hoc":[5],"networks":[6],"(VANETs)":[7],"has":[8],"received":[9,73,93,229],"some":[10,153],"significant":[11],"attention":[12],"in":[13,24,56,201,287],"recent":[14],"years.":[15],"Despite":[16],"all":[17,244],"the":[18,20,28,46,68,97,105,125,137,158,161,202,209,239,271,280,297],"advantages,":[19],"security":[21,47],"and":[22,48,53,120],"privacy":[23,49],"VANETs":[25],"still":[26,166],"become":[27],"main":[29],"challenge":[30],"that":[31,104,191],"is":[32],"widely":[33],"open":[34],"discussion.":[36],"The":[37],"authentication":[38,108,184],"scheme":[39,109,185,217],"plays":[40],"a":[41,62,75,111,149,179,187,195],"substantial":[42],"role":[43],"guarantee":[45,279],"of":[50,70,139,144,198,204],"information":[51],"circulation":[52],"verification":[54,113,127,189,216],"efficiency":[55],"VANETs.":[57],"In":[58,174],"this":[59,129,175,275],"high-density":[60],"environment,":[61],"scalability":[63],"issue":[64,84],"would":[65],"emerge":[66],"when":[67],"number":[69],"message-signature":[71],"pairs":[72],"by":[74],"roadside":[76],"unit":[77],"(RSU)":[78],"or":[79],"vehicles":[80],"becomes":[81],"large.":[82],"This":[83],"happens":[85],"because":[86],"those":[87,145],"entities":[88],"cannot":[89],"sequentially":[90],"verify":[91,243],"each":[92],"signature":[94],"according":[95],"required":[98],"time":[99],"limit.":[100],"Some":[101],"researchers":[102],"believe":[103],"symmetric":[106],"cryptography-based":[107],"provides":[110],"lightweight":[112,180],"operation,":[114,210],"which":[115],"leads":[116],"low":[118],"computation":[119,240,298],"communication":[121],"costs.":[122],"Combined":[123],"with":[124,186,218,231],"batch":[126,188,215],"process,":[128],"approach":[130],"can":[131,278,300],"be":[132,301],"very":[133],"beneficial.":[134],"However,":[135],"best":[138],"our":[140,213,219,288],"knowledge,":[141],"not":[142],"many":[143],"schemes":[147],"provide":[148],"realistic":[150],"scenario":[151,282],"regarding":[152],"illegal":[154,199,237],"signatures\u2019":[155],"appearance.":[156],"Could":[157],"system":[159],"identify":[160,194],"forged":[162],"messages?":[163],"Is":[164],"it":[165],"efficient":[167],"enough":[168],"do":[170],"such":[171],"an":[172],"operation?":[173],"paper,":[176],"we":[177,211,277],"propose":[178],"binary":[181],"tree-based":[182],"(BT-based)":[183],"mechanism,":[190],"could":[192],"efficiently":[193],"modest":[196],"amount":[197],"signatures":[200],"sum":[203],"messages.":[205],"To":[206],"even":[207],"improve":[208],"combine":[212],"BT-based":[214,289],"vehicle":[220],"reputation":[221],"scoring":[222],"system.":[223],"Given":[224],"any":[225],"<italic":[226,232,251],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[227,233,252,262],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">n</i>":[228,253],"messages":[230,246],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">b</i>":[234],"\u2265":[235],"1":[236],"ones,":[238],"cost":[241,299],"these":[245],"only":[247],"requires":[248],"approximately":[249],"(2[\u2308lg":[250],"\u2309":[254],"-":[255,266],"lg(\u2308":[256],"b/2":[257,264],"\u23092)]":[258],"+":[259],"2":[260],"<sup":[261],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">\u2308lg(\u2308":[263],"\u23092)\u2309+1</sup>":[265],"1)":[267],"pairing":[268],"operations,":[269],"as":[270,292,294],"best-case":[272,281],"scenario.":[273],"By":[274],"approach,":[276],"(the":[283],"most":[284],"desirable":[285],"condition)":[286],"identification":[290],"appear":[291],"much":[293],"possible.":[295],"Hence,":[296],"kept":[302],"low.":[303]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}