{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312969876","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3229127","title":"Electric Distribution Network With Multi-Microgrids Management Using Surrogate-Assisted Deep Reinforcement Learning Optimization","display_name":"Electric Distribution Network With Multi-Microgrids Management Using Surrogate-Assisted Deep Reinforcement Learning Optimization","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312969876","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3229127"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3229127","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3229127","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09984640.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09984640.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023573896","display_name":"Niphon Kaewdornhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1481-7604"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179193067","display_name":"Khon Kaen University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cq4gr50","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179193067"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niphon Kaewdornhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1481-7604","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179193067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035612298","display_name":"Chitchai Srithapon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9138-414X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chitchai Srithapon","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9138-414X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036439921","display_name":"Rongrit Chatthaworn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9258-7141"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179193067","display_name":"Khon Kaen University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cq4gr50","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179193067"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rongrit Chatthaworn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9258-7141","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179193067"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.5696,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82875328,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"130373","last_page":"130396"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10454","display_name":"Optimal Power Flow Distribution","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7109478712081909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6497600674629211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-management","display_name":"Energy management","score":0.5697958469390869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.540463924407959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.532594621181488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.5141528248786926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.500330924987793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-evolution","display_name":"Differential evolution","score":0.49942588806152344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.48634153604507446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surrogate-model","display_name":"Surrogate model","score":0.4529000520706177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.4075357913970947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.31436991691589355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.31110304594039917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.23678776621818542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16994008421897888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.13719096779823303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.09454864263534546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08764544129371643}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7109478712081909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6497600674629211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7817414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779504","display_name":"Energy management","level":3,"score":0.5697958469390869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.540463924407959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.532594621181488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5141528248786926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.500330924987793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74750220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2662197","display_name":"Differential evolution","level":2,"score":0.49942588806152344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.48634153604507446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131675550","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7646884","display_name":"Surrogate model","level":2,"score":0.4529000520706177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.4075357913970947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.31436991691589355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.31110304594039917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.23678776621818542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16994008421897888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.13719096779823303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.09454864263534546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08764544129371643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3229127","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3229127","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09984640.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6b9225ad5af74463b1d8c67ffb34cce8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6b9225ad5af74463b1d8c67ffb34cce8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 130373-130396 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3229127","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3229127","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09984640.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.7799999713897705}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4825006995","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"M-Eng.-EE-002/2564","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322335","funder_display_name":"Khon Kaen University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6593473538","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Mas. Ee-2565/9","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322335","funder_display_name":"Khon Kaen University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322335","display_name":"Khon Kaen University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cq4gr50"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312969876.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312969876.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1980075007","https://openalex.org/W1982015384","https://openalex.org/W2032001141","https://openalex.org/W2032385958","https://openalex.org/W2085356046","https://openalex.org/W2114461427","https://openalex.org/W2125644378","https://openalex.org/W2151479853","https://openalex.org/W2187399757","https://openalex.org/W2249214125","https://openalex.org/W2277496079","https://openalex.org/W2338037584","https://openalex.org/W2413597270","https://openalex.org/W2475218214","https://openalex.org/W2504960074","https://openalex.org/W2562797450","https://openalex.org/W2593685664","https://openalex.org/W2611490092","https://openalex.org/W2724833016","https://openalex.org/W2757615817","https://openalex.org/W2776153170","https://openalex.org/W2779897001","https://openalex.org/W2782466229","https://openalex.org/W2782951042","https://openalex.org/W2789789676","https://openalex.org/W2795578496","https://openalex.org/W2796210679","https://openalex.org/W2801054673","https://openalex.org/W2808440991","https://openalex.org/W2808818018","https://openalex.org/W2897309820","https://openalex.org/W2909119630","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2919179918","https://openalex.org/W2940887500","https://openalex.org/W2963723202","https://openalex.org/W2969866875","https://openalex.org/W2971201669","https://openalex.org/W3005992280","https://openalex.org/W3009055137","https://openalex.org/W3009379744","https://openalex.org/W3023662034","https://openalex.org/W3027120897","https://openalex.org/W3044213707","https://openalex.org/W3109727664","https://openalex.org/W3127764380","https://openalex.org/W3130695630","https://openalex.org/W3134540804","https://openalex.org/W3135349110","https://openalex.org/W3155724110","https://openalex.org/W3157620715","https://openalex.org/W3166013805","https://openalex.org/W3172526670","https://openalex.org/W3199709588","https://openalex.org/W4206292709","https://openalex.org/W4229021800"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W2138720691","https://openalex.org/W4362501864","https://openalex.org/W4380318855","https://openalex.org/W3084456289","https://openalex.org/W2024136090","https://openalex.org/W4391331176","https://openalex.org/W2031695474","https://openalex.org/W4312501103","https://openalex.org/W3037868018"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Increasing":[0],"of":[1,124,143,206,217,229],"electric":[2],"vehicle":[3],"demand":[4],"and":[5,147,152,159,170],"uncertain":[6],"electricity":[7],"generation":[8],"from":[9,220],"solar":[10],"photovoltaics":[11],"lead":[12],"to":[13,24,35,78,95,118,139,175,209],"poor":[14],"reliability":[15],"in":[16,102,225],"the":[17,25,80,87,103,111,120,125,141,149,154,168,181,192,197,201,215,221],"Distribution":[18],"Network":[19,77],"(DN).":[20],"MicroGrids":[21],"(MG)":[22],"connecting":[23],"DN":[26,104,169,207],"with":[27,46,105,191],"suitable":[28,40],"energy":[29,41,204,218],"trading":[30,42],"is":[31,51,70,93,116,137],"an":[32,64],"effective":[33],"way":[34],"solve":[36],"this":[37,61],"issue.":[38],"However,":[39],"considering":[43],"grid":[44,223],"constraints":[45],"a":[47,52,67,74,96,133,160],"low":[48],"computational":[49,88,186],"burden":[50,187],"challenge":[53],"for":[54,85,99],"solving":[55],"Optimal":[56],"Energy":[57],"Management":[58],"(OEM).":[59],"Therefore,":[60],"paper":[62],"proposes":[63],"OEM":[65,98],"using":[66],"surrogate":[68,115],"which":[69,164,212],"modeled":[71,117],"based":[72,127],"on":[73,128],"Deep":[75,81],"Neural":[76],"assist":[79],"Reinforcement":[82],"Learning":[83],"Optimization":[84],"reducing":[86],"burden.":[89],"The":[90,114],"proposed":[91,112,150,182,198],"method":[92,151,183],"applied":[94,138],"bi-level":[97],"multi-MGs":[100],"connected":[101],"real-time":[106],"pricing":[107],"consideration,":[108],"represented":[109],"as":[110,167],"strategy.":[113],"predict":[119],"power":[121,130,135],"system":[122,163],"parameters":[123,142],"MG":[126,211],"probabilistic":[129],"flow,":[131],"whereas":[132],"deterministic":[134],"flow":[136],"evaluate":[140],"DN.":[144,230],"To":[145],"validate":[146],"demonstrate":[148],"strategy,":[153],"modified":[155],"IEEE-33":[156],"test":[157],"feeder":[158],"residential":[161],"distribution":[162],"are":[165,173],"defined":[166],"MG,":[171],"respectively":[172],"used":[174],"test.":[176],"Simulation":[177],"results":[178],"show":[179],"that":[180],"can":[184,213],"reduce":[185,214],"by":[188],"89.23%":[189],"compared":[190],"Differential":[193],"Evolution":[194],"algorithm.":[195],"Moreover,":[196],"strategy":[199],"provides":[200],"optimal":[202],"purchased":[203,219],"price":[205],"offering":[208],"each":[210],"cost":[216,228],"main":[222],"resulting":[224],"lower":[226],"operating":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}