{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312568316","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3228535","title":"A Survey on Cross-Chain Technology: Challenges, Development, and Prospect","display_name":"A Survey on Cross-Chain Technology: Challenges, Development, and Prospect","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312568316","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3228535"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3228535","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3228535","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09982450.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09982450.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040040232","display_name":"Hanyu Mao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8639-2257"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanyu Mao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8639-2257","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102979521","display_name":"Tiezheng Nie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0166-1324"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiezheng Nie","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0166-1324","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108677106","display_name":"Hao Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5751-9917"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015251362","display_name":"Derong Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0310-6372"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Derong Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072406974","display_name":"Ge Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3171-8889"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ge Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":18.4825,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":69,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99296917,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"45527","last_page":"45546"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11995","display_name":"FinTech, Crowdfunding, Digital Finance","score":0.9309999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9047999978065491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.7280672192573547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6832492351531982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.5299020409584045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-platform","display_name":"Cross-platform","score":0.5075339078903198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.48453134298324585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asset","display_name":"Asset (computer security)","score":0.4834488332271576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4818228781223297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supply-chain","display_name":"Supply chain","score":0.43394869565963745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chain","display_name":"Chain (unit)","score":0.43240392208099365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","score":0.4226856827735901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4045235514640808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.3533981442451477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.14568546414375305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.12282484769821167}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.7280672192573547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6832492351531982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.5299020409584045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92400490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174666","display_name":"Cross-platform","level":2,"score":0.5075339078903198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.48453134298324585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76178495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4808784","display_name":"Asset (computer security)","level":2,"score":0.4834488332271576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4818228781223297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108713360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1824206","display_name":"Supply chain","level":2,"score":0.43394869565963745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199185054","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q552299","display_name":"Chain (unit)","level":2,"score":0.43240392208099365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.4226856827735901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4045235514640808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3533981442451477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.14568546414375305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.12282484769821167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3228535","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3228535","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09982450.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:da410f13437448f09c5495d5bad25c73","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/da410f13437448f09c5495d5bad25c73","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 45527-45546 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3228535","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3228535","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09982450.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1033112928","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62072082","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3638776645","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"21&ZD124","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335869","funder_display_name":"National Social Science Fund of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4443268391","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N2216005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6594956897","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020JH2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336742","funder_display_name":"Key Research and Development Program of Liaoning Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6937928904","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N2216008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8848806996","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020JH2/10100037","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336742","funder_display_name":"Key Research and Development Program of Liaoning Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335869","display_name":"National Social Science Fund of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336742","display_name":"Key Research and Development Program of Liaoning Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312568316.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312568316.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":73,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2120775753","https://openalex.org/W2182035090","https://openalex.org/W2548448382","https://openalex.org/W2765239986","https://openalex.org/W2794533297","https://openalex.org/W2896971538","https://openalex.org/W2912886223","https://openalex.org/W2913353093","https://openalex.org/W2918108318","https://openalex.org/W2918553673","https://openalex.org/W2922401517","https://openalex.org/W2944664110","https://openalex.org/W2944674557","https://openalex.org/W2945989793","https://openalex.org/W2948578155","https://openalex.org/W2949009068","https://openalex.org/W2949639841","https://openalex.org/W2961136127","https://openalex.org/W2963116133","https://openalex.org/W2964036995","https://openalex.org/W2965017991","https://openalex.org/W2965678227","https://openalex.org/W2971569867","https://openalex.org/W2981399413","https://openalex.org/W2983333567","https://openalex.org/W2995126712","https://openalex.org/W2997441733","https://openalex.org/W2998674936","https://openalex.org/W3012165784","https://openalex.org/W3029785470","https://openalex.org/W3032619388","https://openalex.org/W3039840332","https://openalex.org/W3044185624","https://openalex.org/W3054925353","https://openalex.org/W3085564069","https://openalex.org/W3087984227","https://openalex.org/W3093488528","https://openalex.org/W3093902704","https://openalex.org/W3110991427","https://openalex.org/W3127476229","https://openalex.org/W3128202471","https://openalex.org/W3140685089","https://openalex.org/W3149540688","https://openalex.org/W3150147841","https://openalex.org/W3157402426","https://openalex.org/W3178540407","https://openalex.org/W3181619358","https://openalex.org/W3202887189","https://openalex.org/W3204626938","https://openalex.org/W3205264255","https://openalex.org/W3206104606","https://openalex.org/W3206347113","https://openalex.org/W4200495247","https://openalex.org/W4206412428","https://openalex.org/W4206773137","https://openalex.org/W4206931703","https://openalex.org/W4226429051","https://openalex.org/W4286638496","https://openalex.org/W4287775069","https://openalex.org/W4287864216","https://openalex.org/W4292971578","https://openalex.org/W4292974225","https://openalex.org/W4297310218","https://openalex.org/W4390557629","https://openalex.org/W4394629460","https://openalex.org/W6677867084","https://openalex.org/W6685985903","https://openalex.org/W6760012646","https://openalex.org/W6774714165","https://openalex.org/W6778510928","https://openalex.org/W6802262606","https://openalex.org/W7017443937","https://openalex.org/W7033260309"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W3048554917","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W4304136894","https://openalex.org/W4303984095"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0,144],"the":[1,15,24,64,75,82,109,127,131,162,170,194],"continuous":[2],"development":[3,76,199],"of":[4,17,26,78,133,165,201],"blockchain":[5,8,79],"technology,":[6],"many":[7,37,55],"applications,":[9],"such":[10],"as":[11],"digital":[12,51],"currencies":[13],"in":[14,47,157],"form":[16,36],"tokens,":[18],"are":[19,70],"deployed.":[20],"However,":[21],"due":[22],"to":[23,73],"lack":[25],"data":[27,38],"and":[28,45,54,67,94,96,121,137,140,147,155,160,174,184,192,198],"value":[29],"inter-blockchain":[30],"transmission":[31],"methods,":[32],"these":[33],"chain":[34],"applications":[35,69],"islands.":[39],"Therefore,":[40],"cross-chain":[41,60,65,101,106,158,172,182,202],"technology":[42,61,66,107,159],"is":[43],"proposed":[44],"applied":[46],"distributed":[48],"transaction":[49],"platforms,":[50,95],"finance,":[52],"e-government":[53],"other":[56],"different":[57],"fields.":[58],"Although":[59],"just":[62],"started,":[63],"its":[68],"gradually":[71],"improving":[72],"meet":[74],"needs":[77],"system.":[80],"At":[81,104],"same":[83],"time,":[84],"they":[85],"have":[86,99],"already":[87],"realized":[88,100],"asset":[89],"transfers":[90],"across":[91],"heterogeneous":[92],"blockchains":[93,146],"some":[97],"projects":[98,183],"information":[102],"exchange.":[103],"present,":[105],"includes":[108],"following":[110],"typical":[111],"methods:":[112],"Hash-locking,":[113],"Notary":[114],"scheme,":[115],"Distributed":[116],"private":[117],"key":[118],"control,":[119],"Sidechains/Relays":[120],"Tight":[122],"coupling.":[123],"This":[124],"paper":[125,151,177,190],"analyzes":[126,152],"above":[128],"methods":[129],"from":[130],"aspect":[132],"techniques,":[134],"security":[135],"requirements,":[136],"technical":[138],"limitation,":[139],"compares":[141],"their":[142,153,185],"applicability.":[143],"public":[145],"consortium":[148],"blockchains,":[149],"this":[150,176,189],"problems":[154],"challenges":[156],"introduces":[161,179],"main":[163],"approaches":[164],"existing":[166,171],"solutions.":[167],"By":[168],"analyzing":[169],"technologies":[173],"problems,":[175],"further":[178],"eight":[180],"popular":[181],"application":[186],"prospects.":[187],"Finally,":[188],"summarizes":[191],"proposes":[193],"future":[195],"research":[196],"topics":[197],"trends":[200],"technology.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
