{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313157786","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3228109","title":"Comprehensive Formal Modeling and Automatic Vulnerability Detection for a Bitcoin-Compatible Mixing Protocol","display_name":"Comprehensive Formal Modeling and Automatic Vulnerability Detection for a Bitcoin-Compatible Mixing Protocol","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313157786","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3228109"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3228109","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3228109","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09978631.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09978631.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084737644","display_name":"Xianglin Bao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6308-1114"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70908550","display_name":"Anhui Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/041sj0284","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70908550"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xianglin Bao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Information, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Information, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70908550"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080860310","display_name":"Xiaofeng Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3674-199X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70908550","display_name":"Anhui Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/041sj0284","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70908550"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofeng Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Information, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Information, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70908550"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100405832","display_name":"Ping Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0171-5978"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70908550","display_name":"Anhui Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/041sj0284","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70908550"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ping Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Information, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Information, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70908550"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101983989","display_name":"Tao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6141-3472"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70908550","display_name":"Anhui Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/041sj0284","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70908550"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Information, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Information, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70908550"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084737644"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70908550"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.28303735,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"128847","last_page":"128873"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8534437417984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.6069910526275635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.5833839178085327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5763489603996277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-protocol","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","score":0.493415504693985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-methods","display_name":"Formal methods","score":0.4879888892173767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signature","display_name":"Signature (topology)","score":0.4872685670852661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.47788846492767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.47322049736976624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-verification","display_name":"Formal verification","score":0.471861332654953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security-model","display_name":"Computer security model","score":0.4448009729385376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.42982643842697144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4039856195449829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.29226183891296387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.2541203200817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.20369595289230347}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8534437417984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.6069910526275635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5833839178085327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5763489603996277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.493415504693985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75606506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049183","display_name":"Formal methods","level":2,"score":0.4879888892173767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779696439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512811","display_name":"Signature (topology)","level":2,"score":0.4872685670852661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.47788846492767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.47322049736976624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111498074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173326","display_name":"Formal verification","level":2,"score":0.471861332654953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121822524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157582","display_name":"Computer security model","level":2,"score":0.4448009729385376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.42982643842697144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4039856195449829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.29226183891296387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.2541203200817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.20369595289230347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3228109","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3228109","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09978631.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f6cb4792631743a39f5fe7ace966b609","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f6cb4792631743a39f5fe7ace966b609","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 128847-128873 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3228109","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3228109","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09978631.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6299999952316284,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2614045173","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Xjky2020119","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328637","funder_display_name":"Anhui Polytechnic University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2668465694","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020YQQ062","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328637","funder_display_name":"Anhui Polytechnic University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4967154782","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2108085QF268","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334897","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6039151974","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2108085QF264","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334897","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328637","display_name":"Anhui Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/041sj0284"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334897","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313157786.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313157786.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W146244851","https://openalex.org/W851575271","https://openalex.org/W1589846406","https://openalex.org/W2145415641","https://openalex.org/W2253140477","https://openalex.org/W2272156155","https://openalex.org/W2766896269","https://openalex.org/W2769609281","https://openalex.org/W2778144710","https://openalex.org/W2783786631","https://openalex.org/W2791124241","https://openalex.org/W2794657001","https://openalex.org/W2802459825","https://openalex.org/W2809727329","https://openalex.org/W2900580116","https://openalex.org/W2955838977","https://openalex.org/W2969344532","https://openalex.org/W2969551246","https://openalex.org/W2969971691","https://openalex.org/W2971097497","https://openalex.org/W2977921325","https://openalex.org/W2978111368","https://openalex.org/W3005472328","https://openalex.org/W3030109318","https://openalex.org/W3048121906","https://openalex.org/W3096419271","https://openalex.org/W3123330587","https://openalex.org/W3137615531","https://openalex.org/W3138924433","https://openalex.org/W3156129242","https://openalex.org/W3156644234","https://openalex.org/W3196161392","https://openalex.org/W3214460869","https://openalex.org/W4206066427","https://openalex.org/W4225851476","https://openalex.org/W4285202993","https://openalex.org/W6623621951","https://openalex.org/W6782179865"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2152752131","https://openalex.org/W161255303","https://openalex.org/W1544097700","https://openalex.org/W1488573418","https://openalex.org/W1922520186","https://openalex.org/W1946493810","https://openalex.org/W2037121848","https://openalex.org/W2391979747","https://openalex.org/W1965722552","https://openalex.org/W4237112499"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Blindcoin":[0,47,56,66,82,123,137],"applies":[1],"a":[2,7,52,84,95],"Bitcoin-compatible":[3],"mixing":[4],"protocol":[5],"with":[6],"blind":[8],"signature":[9],"scheme":[10],"to":[11,34,79,133],"improve":[12],"the":[13,16,20,25,28,38,42,46,81,91,102,109,122,135,141,144],"design":[14],"of":[15,22,27,45,65,104,106,111,143],"popular":[17],"Mixcoin.":[18],"Given":[19],"openness":[21],"Bitcoin":[23,107],"and":[24,57,69,86,108,120,139],"decentralization":[26],"P2P":[29],"network,":[30],"it":[31,76],"is":[32,77],"imperative":[33],"formally":[35],"analyze":[36],"whether":[37],"malicious":[39],"can":[40,100],"break":[41],"security":[43,63,118],"goals":[44,64],"protocol.":[48],"This":[49],"work":[50],"proposes":[51],"symbolic":[53,97],"model":[54,73,98],"for":[55],"conducts":[58],"comprehensive":[59],"formal":[60,85,114],"verification.":[61],"Fine-grained":[62],"are":[67],"formalized":[68],"subsequently":[70],"encoded":[71],"as":[72],"lemmas.":[74],"However,":[75],"challenging":[78],"verify":[80],"in":[83],"automatic":[87],"way.":[88],"To":[89],"tackle":[90],"challenges,":[92],"we":[93,129],"propose":[94],"tool-friendly":[96],"that":[99],"capture":[101],"semantics":[103],"multi-layers":[105],"features":[110],"Blindcoin.":[112],"Our":[113],"verification":[115],"covers":[116],"real-world":[117],"scenarios":[119],"discovers":[121],"vulnerabilities":[124,138],"without":[125],"human":[126],"interaction.":[127],"Furthermore,":[128],"offer":[130],"several":[131],"suggestions":[132],"fix":[134],"detected":[136],"discuss":[140],"generalization":[142],"proposed":[145],"model.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}