{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312956181","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3227969","title":"SPChain: A Smart and Private Blockchain-Enabled Framework for Combining GDPR-Compliant Digital Assets Management With AI Models","display_name":"SPChain: A Smart and Private Blockchain-Enabled Framework for Combining GDPR-Compliant Digital Assets Management With AI Models","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312956181","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3227969"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3227969","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3227969","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3227969","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040829637","display_name":"Wei-Shan Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148099254","display_name":"National Chung Cheng University","ror":"https://ror.org/0028v3876","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148099254"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei-Shan Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Minxiong, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5173-941X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Minxiong, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148099254"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076306374","display_name":"A John","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148099254","display_name":"National Chung Cheng University","ror":"https://ror.org/0028v3876","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148099254"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John A","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Minxiong, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3889-0112","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Minxiong, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148099254"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001237086","display_name":"Hsiu-Chun Hsu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7311-5747"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148099254","display_name":"National Chung Cheng University","ror":"https://ror.org/0028v3876","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148099254"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hsiu-Chun Hsu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Management, National Chung Cheng University, Minxiong, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Management, National Chung Cheng University, Minxiong, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148099254"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050423310","display_name":"Pao\u2010Ann Hsiung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3639-1467"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148099254","display_name":"National Chung Cheng University","ror":"https://ror.org/0028v3876","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148099254"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pao-Ann Hsiung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Minxiong, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3639-1467","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Minxiong, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148099254"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148099254"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":9.602,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98115206,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"130424","last_page":"130443"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13342","display_name":"Art History and Market Analysis","score":0.9453999996185303,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1213","display_name":"Visual Arts and Performing Arts"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7357333898544312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.6998888254165649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6500319242477417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contract","display_name":"Smart contract","score":0.6303483247756958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asset-management","display_name":"Asset management","score":0.5949300527572632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asset","display_name":"Asset (computer security)","score":0.5717422962188721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/general-data-protection-regulation","display_name":"General Data Protection Regulation","score":0.4829396605491638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/big-data","display_name":"Big data","score":0.4479868710041046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-management","display_name":"Data management","score":0.4354839324951172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business-model","display_name":"Business model","score":0.428615003824234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-protection-act-1998","display_name":"Data Protection Act 1998","score":0.42516279220581055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.19772768020629883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.1655178964138031}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7357333898544312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.6998888254165649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6500319242477417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.6303483247756958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776517139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q873442","display_name":"Asset management","level":2,"score":0.5949300527572632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76178495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4808784","display_name":"Asset (computer security)","level":2,"score":0.5717422962188721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3090818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172506","display_name":"General Data Protection Regulation","level":3,"score":0.4829396605491638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.4479868710041046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1668388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149776","display_name":"Data management","level":2,"score":0.4354839324951172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4216890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815823","display_name":"Business model","level":2,"score":0.428615003824234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69360830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172237","display_name":"Data Protection Act 1998","level":2,"score":0.42516279220581055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.19772768020629883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.1655178964138031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3227969","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3227969","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fc7dd2d8e1034c2f8756c4bbc17597b8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fc7dd2d8e1034c2f8756c4bbc17597b8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 130424-130443 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3227969","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3227969","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3587021862","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 108-2221-E-194-033-MY3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4063561193","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 110-2927-I-194-001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4449704169","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 110-2643-F-194-006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6175704441","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 110-2420-H-194-002-TH","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2200374509","https://openalex.org/W2331128040","https://openalex.org/W2610973746","https://openalex.org/W2772486733","https://openalex.org/W2889752785","https://openalex.org/W2890727036","https://openalex.org/W2897450989","https://openalex.org/W2897751645","https://openalex.org/W2897996256","https://openalex.org/W2898909200","https://openalex.org/W2900659066","https://openalex.org/W2902373132","https://openalex.org/W2904351506","https://openalex.org/W2910021443","https://openalex.org/W2914351716","https://openalex.org/W2946005426","https://openalex.org/W2962949934","https://openalex.org/W2964302640","https://openalex.org/W2980381981","https://openalex.org/W2987069389","https://openalex.org/W2988329061","https://openalex.org/W3006951569","https://openalex.org/W3046073225","https://openalex.org/W3109604561","https://openalex.org/W3110971907","https://openalex.org/W3118345665","https://openalex.org/W3151748982","https://openalex.org/W4206005545","https://openalex.org/W4210902537","https://openalex.org/W4212898882","https://openalex.org/W4212962064","https://openalex.org/W4214824088","https://openalex.org/W4220979758","https://openalex.org/W4224110320","https://openalex.org/W4226186560","https://openalex.org/W4226345914","https://openalex.org/W4294891500","https://openalex.org/W4298289240","https://openalex.org/W6637568146","https://openalex.org/W6682904396","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6793285265"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2917102635","https://openalex.org/W3023256691","https://openalex.org/W2789497412","https://openalex.org/W2883729192","https://openalex.org/W2910484607","https://openalex.org/W2794700933","https://openalex.org/W2901967497","https://openalex.org/W3171079982","https://openalex.org/W3048759155","https://openalex.org/W3000605968"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,170,187,219],"the":[1,10,20,24,30,34,40,48,57,60,69,93,101,110,127,130,183,189,244,257,298,302,305,308,311,321,329,333,336,344],"traditional":[2],"approach":[3],"to":[4,19,81,95,98,115,138,155,181,203,208,215,243,250,348,355,369,373,378],"a":[5,158,173,209,252,342],"digital":[6,117,163,192,205,247,266,284],"asset":[7,164],"management":[8,165,249],"system,":[9],"data":[11,21,25,72,86],"processing":[12],"mechanism":[13],"is":[14,26,104],"not":[15,278],"transparent":[16],"or":[17],"visible":[18],"owners":[22,73],"since":[23],"managed":[27],"solely":[28],"by":[29,46,168],"service":[31,270],"provider.":[32],"With":[33],"rapid":[35],"development":[36],"of":[37,53,59,71,84,109,129,185,191,212,246,307,317,332,339],"blockchain":[38],"technology,":[39],"above":[41],"issues":[42],"can":[43,240,277],"be":[44,241,349],"resolved":[45],"leveraging":[47],"tamper-resistance":[49],"and":[50,92,160,214,232,286,314,335,360,383],"decentralization":[51],"characteristics":[52],"blockchain.":[54,102,169],"However,":[55],"post":[56],"implementation":[58,254],"EU":[61],"General":[62],"Data":[63],"Protection":[64],"Rules":[65],"(GDPR)":[66],"in":[67,228,301,320,341],"2018,":[68],"protection":[70],"has":[74,79,152,178,198],"taken":[75],"center":[76],"stage.":[77],"This":[78,149],"led":[80],"several":[82],"principles":[83],"personal":[85],"deletion,":[87],"such":[88],"as":[89,202,272,274],"Storage":[90],"Limit":[91],"Right":[94],"Be":[96],"Forgotten":[97],"conflict":[99],"with":[100,145,194,289,297,353,376],"It":[103],"also":[105,293],"observed":[106,347],"that,":[107],"out":[108],"various":[111],"smart":[112,122,132,139,235,322],"contracts":[113,123,133,323],"deployed":[114,131],"manage":[116],"assets,":[118],"often":[119],"only":[120,279],"specific":[121],"are":[124,134],"invoked,":[125,136],"while":[126],"rest":[128],"rarely":[135],"leading":[137],"contract":[140],"designs":[141],"exhibiting":[142],"similar":[143],"patterns":[144],"very":[146],"little":[147],"creativity.":[148,218],"current":[150],"scenario":[151],"motivated":[153],"us":[154],"propose":[156],"SPChain,":[157],"smarter":[159],"private":[161],"GDPR-compliant":[162],"framework":[166],"enabled":[167],"this":[171,220,261],"approach,":[172],"decentralized":[174],"InterPlanetary":[175],"File":[176],"System":[177],"been":[179,199,226,325],"adopted":[180],"solve":[182],"problem":[184],"SPOF.":[186],"addition,":[188],"combination":[190],"assets":[193,206,285],"artificial":[195,222],"intelligence":[196,223],"models":[197,224],"proposed":[200,238,262],"so":[201],"make":[204],"accessible":[207],"larger":[210],"number":[211,338],"applications":[213],"enable":[216],"better":[217],"design,":[221],"have":[225,324],"run":[227],"independent,":[229],"virtualized":[230],"containers":[231],"invoked":[233],"through":[234],"contracts.":[236],"The":[237,364],"SPChain":[239],"applied":[242],"field":[245],"art":[248,267],"provide":[251],"complete":[253],"based":[255],"on":[256],"Hyperledger":[258],"Fabric.":[259],"Using":[260],"framework,":[263],"model":[264],"developers,":[265],"creators,":[268],"collectors,":[269],"providers,":[271],"well":[273],"third":[275],"parties":[276],"benefit":[280],"from":[281,294,371],"securely":[282],"managing":[283],"combining":[287],"them":[288],"AI":[290],"models,":[291],"but":[292],"simultaneously":[295],"complying":[296],"rights":[299],"stipulated":[300],"GDPR.":[303],"During":[304],"course":[306],"experiments":[309],"conducted,":[310],"latency,":[312],"throughput,":[313],"resource":[315],"consumption":[316],"different":[318],"functions":[319],"measured.":[326],"After":[327],"adjusting":[328],"batch":[330],"timeout":[331],"block":[334],"maximum":[337],"transactions":[340],"block,":[343],"throughputs":[345],"were":[346,367],"about":[350],"500":[351],"TPS,":[352],"10":[354],"15":[356],"TPS":[357],"for":[358,381],"reading":[359,382],"writing":[361,384],"operations,":[362,385],"respectively.":[363,386],"latency":[365],"ranges":[366],"found":[368],"range":[370],"0":[372],"7":[374],"seconds,":[375],"2.5":[377],"5":[379],"seconds":[380]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
