{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312379124","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3225646","title":"Clustering and Analysis of GPS Trajectory Data Using Distance-Based Features","display_name":"Clustering and Analysis of GPS Trajectory Data Using Distance-Based Features","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312379124","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3225646"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3225646","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3225646","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09966557.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09966557.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057140675","display_name":"Zann Koh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4259-261X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zann Koh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering and Product Development Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD), Tampines, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4259-261X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering and Product Development Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD), Tampines, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101660217","display_name":"Yuren Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4308-2715"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuren Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering and Product Development Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD), Tampines, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering and Product Development Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD), Tampines, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085047229","display_name":"Billy Pik Lik Lau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5133-2791"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Billy Pik Lik Lau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering and Product Development Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD), Tampines, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5133-2791","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering and Product Development Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD), Tampines, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100448104","display_name":"Ran Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6343-4645"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ran Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering and Product Development Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD), Tampines, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6343-4645","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering and Product Development Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD), Tampines, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091155882","display_name":"Keng Hua Chong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8555-6520"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keng Hua Chong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Architecture and Sustainable Design Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD), Tampines, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8555-6520","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Architecture and Sustainable Design Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD), Tampines, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060020877","display_name":"Chau Yuen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9307-2120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chau Yuen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering and Product Development Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD), Tampines, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9307-2120","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering and Product Development Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD), Tampines, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.0304,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81242933,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"125387","last_page":"125399"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11819","display_name":"Data-Driven Disease Surveillance","score":0.974399983882904,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9707000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8033620119094849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.7713325023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.6730800271034241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.626388430595398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distance-matrix","display_name":"Distance matrix","score":0.48631176352500916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobility-model","display_name":"Mobility model","score":0.45902830362319946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.44705525040626526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.4303381145000458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42125698924064636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3991687595844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.09465479850769043}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8033620119094849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.7713325023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.6730800271034241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.626388430595398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111208986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901698","display_name":"Distance matrix","level":2,"score":0.48631176352500916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191485582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6887309","display_name":"Mobility model","level":2,"score":0.45902830362319946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.44705525040626526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.4303381145000458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42125698924064636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3991687595844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.09465479850769043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3225646","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3225646","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09966557.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:28a78e7ab6cb4034a07c399b6eda350b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/28a78e7ab6cb4034a07c399b6eda350b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 125387-125399 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3225646","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3225646","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09966557.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1557563992","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"L2NICTDF1-2017-4","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/03cpyc314"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323500","display_name":"Nemzeti Fejleszt\u00e9si Miniszt\u00e9rium","ror":"https://ror.org/01hygy214"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312379124.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312379124.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W976226029","https://openalex.org/W1673310716","https://openalex.org/W1982300822","https://openalex.org/W1998379585","https://openalex.org/W2024877464","https://openalex.org/W2085121383","https://openalex.org/W2128366968","https://openalex.org/W2134946452","https://openalex.org/W2136317921","https://openalex.org/W2150593711","https://openalex.org/W2255845836","https://openalex.org/W2521503801","https://openalex.org/W2546050308","https://openalex.org/W2573442361","https://openalex.org/W2624878596","https://openalex.org/W2746385800","https://openalex.org/W2763884542","https://openalex.org/W2783344919","https://openalex.org/W2799597355","https://openalex.org/W2810126030","https://openalex.org/W2817450517","https://openalex.org/W2896228713","https://openalex.org/W2899926324","https://openalex.org/W2907673563","https://openalex.org/W2966664041","https://openalex.org/W2969576209","https://openalex.org/W2971981784","https://openalex.org/W2989871787","https://openalex.org/W3004981471","https://openalex.org/W3041250660","https://openalex.org/W3102746692","https://openalex.org/W3111840150","https://openalex.org/W3163002381","https://openalex.org/W4300672471","https://openalex.org/W6637131181"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2554282488","https://openalex.org/W3162200841","https://openalex.org/W2586280620","https://openalex.org/W2805505483","https://openalex.org/W2334071950","https://openalex.org/W2384744344","https://openalex.org/W4233932308","https://openalex.org/W3152399948","https://openalex.org/W2156718603","https://openalex.org/W2151152091"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"proliferation":[1],"of":[2,15,22,42,62,118,123,137,168],"smartphones":[3],"has":[4],"accelerated":[5],"mobility":[6,16,23,40,54,79,166],"studies":[7],"by":[8,57],"largely":[9],"increasing":[10],"the":[11,36,52,58,135,138,149,165,169],"type":[12,122],"and":[13,34,64,69,84,114,126,144,158],"volume":[14],"data":[17,24],"available.":[18],"One":[19],"such":[20],"source":[21],"is":[25,30],"from":[26],"GPS":[27],"technology,":[28],"which":[29],"becoming":[31],"increasingly":[32],"common":[33],"helps":[35,160],"research":[37],"community":[38],"understand":[39,164],"patterns":[41,55,167],"people.":[43],"However,":[44],"there":[45],"lacks":[46],"a":[47,77],"standardized":[48],"framework":[49],"for":[50,90,120,134],"studying":[51],"different":[53],"created":[56],"non-Work,":[59],"non-Home":[60],"locations":[61],"Working":[63],"Nonworking":[65],"users":[66,119],"on":[67],"Workdays":[68],"Offdays":[70],"using":[71,148],"machine":[72,106],"learning":[73,107],"methods.":[74],"We":[75,98],"propose":[76,130],"new":[78,132],"metric,":[80],"Daily":[81],"Characteristic":[82],"Distance,":[83],"use":[85,100],"it":[86,159],"to":[87,162],"generate":[88],"features":[89,102],"each":[91,121],"user":[92,153],"together":[93],"with":[94,103],"Origin-Destination":[95],"matrix":[96],"features.":[97],"then":[99],"those":[101],"an":[104],"unsupervised":[105],"method,":[108],"<italic":[109],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[110],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">k</i>":[111],"-means":[112],"clustering,":[113],"obtain":[115],"three":[116],"clusters":[117],"day":[124],"(Workday":[125],"Offday).":[127],"Finally,":[128],"we":[129],"two":[131],"metrics":[133],"analysis":[136],"clustering":[139],"results,":[140],"namely":[141],"User":[142],"Commonality":[143],"Average":[145],"Frequency.":[146],"By":[147],"proposed":[150],"metrics,":[151],"interesting":[152],"behaviors":[154],"can":[155],"be":[156],"discerned":[157],"us":[161],"better":[163],"users.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
