{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313000554","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3224917","title":"A Delay Modulation Method to Improve the Time Resolution for a 32 \u00d7 32 Array of MPPC Image Sensor","display_name":"A Delay Modulation Method to Improve the Time Resolution for a 32 \u00d7 32 Array of MPPC Image Sensor","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313000554","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3224917"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3224917","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3224917","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09964212.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09964212.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029808472","display_name":"Qiaoying He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4351-1391"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128284","display_name":"Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02bn68w95","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128284"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qiaoying He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4351-1391","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128284","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128284","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055671792","display_name":"Linhai Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2380-9091"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128284","display_name":"Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02bn68w95","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128284"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linhai Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China","Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2380-9091","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128284","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128284","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031808173","display_name":"Naiting Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0030-2802"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128284","display_name":"Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02bn68w95","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128284"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naiting Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0030-2802","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128284","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128284","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029808472"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128284","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.3769,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78988327,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"126621","last_page":"126626"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10540","display_name":"Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.621076226234436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.6204080581665039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.574089765548706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.5351079106330872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-resolution","display_name":"Image resolution","score":0.5176013708114624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.48846521973609924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4816354811191559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.4715469181537628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-sensor","display_name":"Image sensor","score":0.46065306663513184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resolution","display_name":"Resolution (logic)","score":0.4582828879356384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flash","display_name":"Flash (photography)","score":0.44629204273223877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.42192092537879944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.28987812995910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.15523335337638855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.10813647508621216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.09742516279220581}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.621076226234436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.6204080581665039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.574089765548706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5351079106330872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.5176013708114624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.48846521973609924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4816354811191559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.4715469181537628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76935873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209121","display_name":"Image sensor","level":2,"score":0.46065306663513184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138268822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1051925","display_name":"Resolution (logic)","level":2,"score":0.4582828879356384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777526259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221836","display_name":"Flash (photography)","level":2,"score":0.44629204273223877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.42192092537879944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.28987812995910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.15523335337638855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.10813647508621216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.09742516279220581}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3224917","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3224917","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09964212.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f3a36808f8ca47a788bb9de41ff0d4ec","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f3a36808f8ca47a788bb9de41ff0d4ec","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 126621-126626 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3224917","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3224917","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09964212.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5699999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2586557958","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"12022308","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336125","funder_display_name":"National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5452117626","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"12022308","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8211315649","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"12073031","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333688","display_name":"National Outstanding Youth Science Fund Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336125","display_name":"National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313000554.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313000554.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968081972","https://openalex.org/W1973902586","https://openalex.org/W2023226995","https://openalex.org/W2121437177","https://openalex.org/W2341562143","https://openalex.org/W2363895647","https://openalex.org/W2444075132","https://openalex.org/W2558667450","https://openalex.org/W2806161007","https://openalex.org/W2903046835","https://openalex.org/W2906441081","https://openalex.org/W2942816214","https://openalex.org/W2961641277","https://openalex.org/W3009299568","https://openalex.org/W3108071383","https://openalex.org/W3165932260","https://openalex.org/W3202202099","https://openalex.org/W7005566398"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2783354812","https://openalex.org/W4384112194","https://openalex.org/W2103009189","https://openalex.org/W4312958259","https://openalex.org/W4308259661","https://openalex.org/W4390813131","https://openalex.org/W2349383066","https://openalex.org/W4328132048","https://openalex.org/W1969901537","https://openalex.org/W2119768059"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,67],"array":[1,26,79],"laser":[2,61],"detector":[3],"can":[4,145,176],"achieve":[5,88],"three-dimensional":[6],"(3D)":[7],"flash":[8,186],"imaging":[9,18,43,91,151],"via":[10],"multi-channel":[11],"parallel":[12],"ranging,":[13],"which":[14,119],"significantly":[15],"improves":[16],"the":[17,21,25,32,42,50,57,60,94,98,104,131,160,164,173,181],"speed.":[19],"However,":[20],"large":[22],"number":[23],"of":[24,59,97,110,141,155,163,184],"makes":[27],"it":[28],"difficult":[29],"to":[30,123],"improve":[31],"ranging":[33],"resolution":[34,96,162],"through":[35],"circuit":[36],"evolution":[37],"and":[38,80,178],"data":[39],"processing,":[40],"even":[41,158],"speed":[44],"will":[45],"be":[46,146],"sacrificed.":[47],"To":[48],"overcome":[49],"problem,":[51],"a":[52,73,135,138,153],"delay":[53,114,128,132],"modulation":[54,115,133],"method":[55,68,175],"on":[56],"transmitter":[58],"is":[62,69,116,166],"proposed":[63,174],"in":[64],"this":[65],"study.":[66],"realized":[70],"by":[71,149],"using":[72],"32\u00d732":[74],"Multi-Pixel":[75],"Photon":[76],"Counter":[77],"(MPPC)":[78],"an":[81],"improved":[82],"phase-shifted":[83],"clocks":[84],"method.":[85],"We":[86],"eventually":[87],"1024-channel":[89],"3D":[90,150,185],"that":[92,172],"exceeds":[93],"depth":[95,139],"system.":[99],"Experimental":[100],"results":[101],"show":[102],"that,":[103],"Root":[105],"Mean":[106],"Square":[107],"Error":[108],"(RMSE)":[109],"plane":[111],"fitting":[112],"with":[113,137],"2.39-5.03":[117],"cm,":[118],"has":[120],"come":[121],"down":[122],"48.6%":[124],"than":[125],"those":[126],"without":[127],"modulation.":[129],"Using":[130],"method,":[134],"target":[136],"difference":[140],"about":[142],"4":[143],"cm":[144],"clearly":[147],"distinguished":[148],"at":[152],"distance":[154],"5":[156,167],"m,":[157],"if":[159],"minimum":[161],"system":[165],"cm.":[168],"Results":[169],"also":[170],"demonstrate":[171],"easily":[177],"effectively":[179],"enhance":[180],"measurement":[182],"accuracy":[183],"imaging.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}